References March 26

UP FRONT – by Emma Coates RD

  1. Hunter E, Douglas F. Navigating infant food insecurity: low-income parents infant feeding intentions and practices in the UK. BMC Public Health. 2026. 26:161 doi:10.1186/s12889-025-25822-2

NUTRITION IN THE NEWS – by Karen Voas-Wootton RD

  1. Grave C, Carcaillon-Bentata L, Bonaldi C et al. From French Gastronomy to Cardiovascular Health: Cutting Salt in the Baguette Has Saved Thousands of Lives in France. Hypertension. 2026. doi10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25977

  2. Bandy L, Amies-Cull B, Luick M et al. Estimating the Potential Impact of the 2024 UK Salt Reduction Targets on Cardiovascular Health Outcomes and Health Care Costs in Adults: A Modeling Study. Hypertension. 2026. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.125.25159

  3. Harvey A, Forwood S. Comfort eating or toasting to your success? Self-gifting choices vary between good and bad days. Frontiers in Psychology. 2026. 16: doi10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1685756

  4. Cheng Q, Nolz J, Karr T et al. Gut proteome and microbiome alterations: Analysis of transverse colon samples from pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease patients. Alzheimers Dement. 2026.22(1): doi:10.1002/alz.71021

  5. Yang S, Huang Y, Ye Z. The EAT–Lancet planetary health diet and risk of incident chronic kidney disease. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2026.198 (3) E73-E83; doi: https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.250457

  6. NICE. Overweight and obesity management. NICE guideline NG246 Published: 14 January 2025. Last updated: 08 January 2026. Available here: Overweight and obesity management. Available here: Overweight and obesity management. Available here: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng246

DIETARY IMPLICATIONS OF INFANT WEANING – by Barira Saad RD

  1. World Health Organisation. Infant and young child feeding. WHO website. Published December 20, 2023. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding

  2. NHS. How to start weaning your baby. NHS Start for Life website. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/weaning/how-to-start-weaning-your-baby/

  3. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Maternal and child nutrition: nutrition and weight management in pregnancy, and nutrition in children up to 5 years. NICE Guideline NG247. Published January 15, 2025. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng247/chapter/Recommendations#healthy-eating-behaviours-in-babies-and-children-from-6-months-and-up-to-5-years

  4. Fewtrell M, Bronsky J, Campoy C, et al. Complementary feeding: a position paper by the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(1):119-132. doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454 Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  5. NHS. What to feed your baby. NHS Start for Life website. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/weaning/what-to-feed-your-baby/

  6. Paulley LM, Duff E. Iron deficiency in infants—what nurse practitioners need to know. J Nurse Pract. 2022;18(6):614-617. doi.org/10.1016/j.nurpra.2022.03.012

  7. Maier-Nöth A, Schaal B, Leathwood P, Issanchou S. The lasting influences of early food-related variety experience: a longitudinal study of vegetable acceptance from 5 months to 6 years in two populations. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0151356. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0151356

  8.  Nekitsing C, Hetherington MM. Implementing a 'Vegetables First' approach to complementary feeding. Curr Nutr Rep. 2022;11(2):301-310. doi:10.1007/s13668-022-00399-z

  9. British Dietetic Association. Iron: iron rich foods and iron deficiency. BDA Food Fact Sheet. Reviewed April 2021. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/iron-rich-foods-iron-deficiency.html

  10. British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Early introduction of food allergens. BSACI website. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.bsaci.org/resources/allergy-management/food-allergy/allergy-prevention/early-introduction-of-food-allergens/

  11. Anaphylaxis UK. Introducing allergens during weaning. Published May 21, 2025. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.anaphylaxis.org.uk/introducing-allergens-during-weaning/

  12. First Steps Nutrition Trust. Infants and new mums. First Steps Nutrition Trust website. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.firststepsnutrition.org/eating-well-infants-new-mums

  13. Taylor RW, Williams SM, Fangupo LJ, et al. Effect of a Baby-Led Approach to Complementary Feeding on Infant Growth and Overweight: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. 2017;171(9):838–846. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.1284

  14. NHS. Foods to avoid giving babies and young children. NHS website. Reviewed August 18, 2022. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/weaning-and-feeding/foods-to-avoid-giving-babies-and-young-children/

  15. British Dietetic Association. Vegetarian, vegan and plant-based diet. BDA Food Fact Sheet. Published April 2021. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/vegetarian-vegan-plant-based-diet.html

  16. Public Health England. Foods and drinks aimed at infants and young children: evidence and opportunities for action. PHE Publication GW-478. Published June 27, 2019. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commercial-infant-and-baby-food-and-drink-evidence-review

  17. Office for Health Improvement and Disparities. Commercial baby food and drink: voluntary industry guidelines. GOV.UK website. Published August 22, 2025. Accessed January 20, 2026. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/commercial-baby-food-and-drink-voluntary-industry-guidelines

MYTH BUSTING: ARE CALORIES IN OR OUT? – by Madi Myers ANutr

  1. Hargrove JL. History of the calorie in nutrition. J Nutr. 2006.136(12):2957-61. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.12.2957

  2. Atwater. The Potential Energy of Food. [online]. 1987. Available at: https://figureoutfood.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/1887-atwater-3-the-potential-energy-of-food.pdf

  3. Clarke et al. Calorie (energy) labelling for changing selection and consumption of food or alcohol. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2025. 1. CD014845

  4. Kalbus, Rinaldi. Calorie labelling regulations in England: menu change not behaviour change? Public Health Nutr. 2025. 28(1):e125. doi:10.1017/S1368980025100682

  5. Essman et al. Assessing the impact of a mandatory calorie labelling policy in out-of-home food outlets in England on consumer behaviour: a natural experimental study. BMC Public Health. 2025. 25, 955. doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22150-3

  6. Cantor et al. Five Years Later: Awareness Of New York City’s Calorie Labels Declined, With No Changes In Calories Purchased. Health Aff. 2015. 34(11). https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.0623

  7. Novotny et al. Discrepancy between the Atwater factor predicted and empirically measured energy values of almonds in human diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012. 96(2):296-301. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.112.035782

  8. Beat Eating Disorders. 95% of people affected by eating disorders in Scotland feel calories on menus will negatively impact them, new survey finds. [online]. Available at: https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/news/95-of-people-affected-by-eating-disorders-feel-calories-on-menus-will-negatively-impact-them-new-survey-finds/

  9. Levinson et al. My Fitness Pal calorie tracker usage in the eating disorders. Eat Behav. 2017.27:14-16. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2017.08.003

  10. Messer et al. Using an app to count calories: Motives, perceptions, and connections to thinness and muscularity-oriented disordered eating. Eat Behav. 2021.43:101568. doi: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2021.101568

  11. Flore G et al. Weight Maintenance after Dietary Weight Loss: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effectiveness of Behavioural Intensive Intervention. Nutrients. 2022.14(6):1259. doi:10.3390/nu14061259

NUTRITION AND HYDRATION WEEK: SAFE AND EFFECTIVE CARE – by Ines Jabir RD

  1. Rattan SIS, Kaur G. Nutrition, Food and Diet in Health and Longevity: We Eat What We Are. Nutrients. 2022.8;14(24):5376. doi:10.3390/nu14245376

  2. Neuendorff NR, Wirth R, Stoev K et al. Dehydration and Malnutrition - Similar Yet Different: Data from a Prospective Observational Study in Older Hospitalized Patients. Nutrients. 2025.12;17(6):1004. doi:10.3390/nu17061004

  3. Frank M, Sivagnanaratnam A, Bernstein J. Nutritional assessment in elderly care: a MUST!. BMJ Quality Improvement Reports. 2015.22;4(1) doi:10.1136/bmjquality.u204810.w2031

  4. BAPEN. The MUST Explanatory Booklet. 2011. Available from:  https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_explan.pdf

  5. Leicestershire Partnership NHS Trust. Protected Mealtimes Policy – for inpatients use. 2023. Available from: https://www.leicspart.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Protected-mealtimes-Policy-for-Inpatients-exp-Sept-26-1.pdf

  6. Mealtimes Matter Assurance Questionnaire And Audit Tool Guidance Notes. HSC Public Health Agency. N.D. Available from: https://www.publichealth.hscni.net/sites/default/files/2023-01/MEALTIMES%20MATTER%20AUDIT%20%26%20ASSURANCE%20GUIDANCE%20NOTES%20%2029TH%20NOVEMBER%202022%20FINAL%20VERSION.pdf

  7. NHS England. 10 key characteristics of ‘good nutrition and hydration care. 2015. Available from: https://www.england.nhs.uk/commissioning/nut-hyd/10-key-characteristics/

  8. Public Health Agency. Mealtimes Matter Assurance Questionnaire And Audit Tool Guidance Notes. Accessed January 2026. https://www.publichealth.hscni.net/sites/default/files/2023-01/MEALTIMES%20MATTER%20AUDIT%20%26%20ASSURANCE%20GUIDANCE%20NOTES%20%2029TH%20NOVEMBER%202022%20FINAL%20VERSION.pdf

TAILORED STRATEGIES FOR DIABETES PATIENTS – by Alka Pandy RD

  1. Diabetes UK. Evidence-based nutrition guidelines for the prevention and management of diabetes. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/for-professionals/improving-care/clinical-recommendations-for-professionals/food-nutrition-lifestyle/evidence-based-nutrition-guidelines-for-the-prevention-and-management-of-diabetes

  2. DAFNE. What is DAFNE? Accessed January 2026. Available: https://dafne.nhs.uk/about-dafne/what-is-dafne/

  3. Newcastle University. Diet links to longer remissions of type 2 diabetes and improved health. 2024. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.ncl.ac.uk/press/articles/archive/2024/02/direct-extensionstudy/

  4. NICE. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. NICE guideline. Reference number:NG28. Published: 02 December 2015. Last updated: 29 June 2022. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28/chapter/recommendations

  5. Brown P. Diabetes Distilled: Updated NICE guidance on type 2 diabetes: Key points for primary care. Diabetes and Primary Care. 2022;24. Available: https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/updated-ng28/

  6. Carbs and Cals. Diet & Calorie Counting Books and Apps. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://carbsandcals.com

  7. BDA. Portion control in weight management – one size plate doesn’t fit all. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/portion-control-in-weight-management-one-size-plate-doesn-t-fit-all.html

  8. British Nutrition Foundation. Find Your Balance: Get Portion Wise. Accessed January 2026. Available:  https://www.nutrition.org.uk/media/fr5b5hwg/457881-1.pdf

  9. Diabetes UK. Healthy Eating for the South Asian Community. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.primarycareit.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2021/02/Can.pdf

  10. Diabetes UK. Portion Sizes and Diabetes. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/living-with-diabetes/eating/portion-sizes

  11. St John J. The journey towards building engaging dietary resources for BAME communities. Diabetes and Primary Care. 2019.21;1. Available: https://diabetesonthenet.com/diabetes-primary-care/journey-towards-building-engaging-dietary-resources-bame-communities/

  12. BDA. The Importance of Diversifying Healthy Eating Advice. 2020. Accessed January 2026. Available: https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/the-importance-of-diversifying-healthy-eating-advice.html

  13. Kanaley JA, Colberg SR, Corcoran MH et al. Exercise/physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2022.54(2) 353-368. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002800

MANAGING IBS-C IN PRACTICE: WHAT THE NEW CONSTIPATION GUIDELINES MEAN FOR CLINICIANS
– by Hazel Clarke RD

  1. Vasant DH, Paine PA, Black CJ et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2021. 70(7):1214-1240. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-324598

  2. McKenzie Y A, Bowyer RK, Leach H et al. British Dietetic Association systematic review and evidence-based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update). Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2016.29, 549–575 https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.12385 

  3. Arasaradnam RP, Brown S, Forbes A et al.Guidelines for the investigation of chronic diarrhoea in adults: British Society of Gastroenterology, 3rd edition. Gut. 2018.67. 1380–1399. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315909  

  4. The Rome Foundation (n.d.) Rome IV criteria. Accessed January 2026 Available at: https://theromefoundation.org/rome-iv/rome-iv-criteria/

  5. Dimidi E, van der Schoot A, Barrett K et al. British Dietetic Association Guidelines for the Dietary Management of Chronic Constipation in Adults. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2025.38(5), e70133 https://doi.org/10.1111/jhn.70133

  6. Wu S, Yang Z, Liu S et al. Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Long-Term Risk of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Large-Scale Prospective Cohort Study. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 2024. 22(7):1497-1507 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2024.01.040 

  7. Hosseini Oskouie F, Vahedi H, Shahrbaf MA et al. Dietary fiber and risk of irritable bowel syndrome: a case-control study. Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench. 2018.11(Suppl 1), S20–S24

  8. Di Rosa C, Altomare A, Terrigno V et al. Constipation-Predominant Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS-C): Effects of Different Nutritional Patterns on Intestinal Dysbiosis and Symptoms. Nutrients. 2023.15(7):1647 https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15071647

  9. Chen HD, Bair MJ, Chang WC et al. Similarities and differences between IBS-C and FC with regards to symptomatology, sleep quality and psychological attributes. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association. 2020. 119(1 Pt 1), 75–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2019.02.017

KETOGENIC DIET THERAPY FOR ADULTS: THE CHALLENGES OF TRANSITION – by Eva Partridge RD

  1. Mackenzie C, Wood S, Bagary M et al. International Recommendations for the Management of Adults Treated With Ketogenic Diet Therapies. Neurology Clinical Practice. 2021.11(5):385-97.doi:10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001007

  2. Mackenzie C. Keto Is Not Just for Kids: A Randomized Trial of a Modified Atkins Diet for Adolescents and Adults With Anti-Seizure Medication-Resistant Epilepsy. Epilepsy Currents. 2023:3;147-49. doi:10.1177/15357597231157488

  3. Whiteley VJ, Martin-McGill KJ, Carroll JH, Taylor H, Schoeler NE. Ketogenic Dietitians Research Network (KDRN). Nice to know: impact of NICE guidelines on ketogenic diet services nationwide. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020.33(1):98-105. doi:10.1111/jhn.12697

  4. Zhu, Huiyuan, Dexi Bi, Youhua Zang, et al. Ketogenic Diet for Human Diseases: The Underlying Mechanisms and Potential for Clinical Implementations.” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy 7. 2022: doi.org/10.1038/s41392-021-00831-w

  5. Liu, Hongyan, Yi Yang, Yunbing Wang, et al. Ketogenic Diet for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy in Adults: A Meta‐analysis of Observational Studies. Epilepsia Open 2018.1; 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1002/epi4.12098

  6. Manral M, Shashank T, Dimple R,  Tripathi M. Modified Atkins Diet in Adolescents and Adults with Drug Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Epilepsy Research. 2024:14.1–8. https://doi.org/10.14581/jer.24001

  7. Nabbout R, Matricardi S, De Liso P et al. Ketogenic Diet for Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus (SRSE) with NORSE and FIRES: Single Tertiary Center Experience and Literature Data. Frontiers in Neurology. 2023: https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2023.1134827

  8. Schoeler, Natasha E. The Role of Ketogenic Diets in the Treatment of Status Epilepticus. Epilepsy & Behavior 2024:160 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2024.110068.

  9. Feil K et al. Ketogenic diet for status epilepticus in adult intensive care unit patients: a standard operating procedure. Neurological Research and Practice 2025.7(1) 87. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s42466-025-00431-x

DIET AND AGEING: NOURISHING LONGEVITY – by Zoe Reape ANutr

  1. López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153(6):1194-1217. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.039

  2. Fontana L, Partridge L. Promoting health and longevity through diet: from model organisms to humans. Cell. 2015;161(1):106-118. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.02.020

  3. National Institute on Aging. Age-estimated changes in DNA can help predict health outcomes and mortality in older adults. Published 2021. Accessed 2025. https://www.nia.nih.gov/news/age-estimated-changes-dna-can-help-predict-health-outcomes-mortality-older-adults (3)

  4. Li K, Wang C, Wang Y, Fu L, Zhang N. Future foods, dietary factors and healthspan. J Future Foods. 2023. doi:10.1016/j.jfutfo.2022.12.001

  5. World Health Organization. Decade of Healthy Ageing 2021–2030. Published 2020. Accessed 2025. https://www.who.int

  6. National Institute on Aging. What is healthy aging? Accessed 2025. https://www.nia.nih.gov

  7. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. doi:10.1093/ageing/afy1

  8. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, et al. Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. Clin Nutr. 2013;32(6):929-936. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2013.04.016 9

  9. Kirk B, Mooney K, Amirabdollahian F, Khaiyat O. Dietary protein and muscle health in aging adults: a review of recent evidence. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):927. doi:10.3390/nu13030927

  10. Wu, G. (2016) Dietary protein intake and human health. Food & Function, 7(3), pp. 1251–1265.
    https://doi.org/10.1039/C5FO01530H

  11. Ghosh TS, Rampelli S, Jeffery IB, et al. Mediterranean diet intervention alters the gut microbiome in older people reducing frailty and improving health status. Gut. 2020;69(7):1218-1228. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2019-319654 913

  12. Singh B, Varady KA, Patel A, et al. Dietary fiber intake and health outcomes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2019;367:l6015. doi:10.1136/bmj.l60

  13. Thomson C, Garcia A, Edwards C. Interactions between dietary fibre and the gut microbiota. Proc Nutr Soc. 2021;80:398-408. doi:10.1017/S0029665121002834

  14. American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(Suppl 1):S1-S291. doi:10.2337/dc23-Sint 915)

  15. Kim A, Arvanitakis Z. Insulin resistance, cognition, and Alzheimer disease. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2023;31:1486-1498. doi:10.1002/oby.23761 9

  16. Zhang Z, He X, Sun Y, Li J, Sun J. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a metabolic model of accelerated aging—multi-organ mechanisms and intervention approaches. Aging Dis. 2025. doi:10.14336/ad.2025.0233

  17. Calder PC. Omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes. Nutrients. 2017;9(11):1230. doi:10.3390/nu9111230

  18. Vauzour D, Camprubi-Robles M, Miquel-Kergoat S, et al. Nutrition for the ageing brain: towards evidence for an optimal diet. Ageing Res Rev. 2017;35:217-232. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.002

  19. Kris-Etherton PM, Petersen KS, Hibbeln JR, et al. Dietary fats, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(13):1611-1621. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2021.01.047

  20. Estruch R, Ros E, Salas-Salvadó J, et al; PREDIMED Study Investigators. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(25):e34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1800389

BLENDED DIET IN ENTERAL NUTRITION: EXPANDING EVIDENCE AND PRACTICE – by Hazel Duncan RD

  1. Anderson SF, Gibson D and Thomson M. Blenderised tube feeding for enterally fed children: systematic review of health outcomes and impact on upper gastrointestinal symptoms. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2025. 70(2): 145–158

  2. Baird C, Charlesworth Z, Fallaize R. Parental perspectives of blenderised tube feeding in the UK: A qualitative study. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2022. 35(4):650–659

  3. Borrelli O, O’Hare L, Smith C. Nutrition and preparation of blenderised tube feeding in children and adolescents with neurological impairment: a scoping review. Nutrition in Clinical Practice. 2022.37(5):1023–1034

  4. Frost G, Law S, Desai M. Impact of blended diets on the gut microbiome: emerging evidence and practical implications. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 2022;35(S1): 15–22

  5. Gallagher K, Flint A, Mouzaki M. Blenderised tube feeds vs. commercial formula: which is better for gastrostomy-fed children? Nutrients. 2022.14(15):3139

  6. Desbrow B, Carson N, Bunya V. Outcomes and safety of blenderised tube feedings in paediatric patients: a single-centre experience. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2020.71(4):E124-E128

  7. YourTube Study Group. Risks, benefits, and resource implications of different diets in gastrostomy-fed children: The YourTube mixed-method study. NIHR Health Technology Assessment. 2024;28(12)1-162

  8. Jacobi S, Johnson R, Kelly P. Cultural and social considerations in paediatric feeding: implications for blended diets. Maternal & Child Nutrition. 2021;17(4):e13218

  9. Lee S, Tsang A, Lam C. Homemade blenderised tube feeding: Clinical outcomes, caregiver experiences and cost implications. Clinical Nutrition. 2018;37(6)2119-2126

  10. Pentiuk S, O’Flaherty T, Santoro K et al. Pureed by gastrostomy tube diet improves gagging and retching in children with fundoplication. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 2011;35(3):375-379

  11. Hron B, Fishbein M, Lien E L. Whole food–based enteral formula improves gastrointestinal symptoms in children receiving long-term enteral nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2019;68(1):70-75

  12. Pettifor M, Steele C, Graham A. Risk assessment and safety frameworks for paediatric blended diets: A UK specialist service evaluation. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2023;54:345-352

  13. Brown H, Kowalski A, Carnell J. Whole-food enteral formulas and their role in paediatric feeding. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN. 2020;38:276-283

RELATIVE ENERGY DEFICIENCY IN SPORT: BUT I’M NOT AN ELITE ATHLETE – by Elizabeth Turnell

  1. Logue DM, Madigan SM, Melin A, Delahunt E, Heinen M, Donnell S, et al. Self-reported reproductive health of athletic and recreationally active females in Ireland. Ir J Med Sci. 2020;189(2):587-595. doi:10.1007/s11845-019-02091-3

  2. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad - Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(7):491-497. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502

  3. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, et al. IOC consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): 2018 update. Br J Sports Med. 2018;52(11):687-697. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099193

  4. Loucks AB, Kiens B, Wright HH. Energy availability in athletes. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(suppl 1):S7 - S15. doi:10.1080/02640414.2011.588958

  5. Sim A, Burns SF. State of low energy availability in the recreational female runner: a review of current evidence and future directions. J Sci Med Sport. 2021;24(8):775-781. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2021.02.009

  6. Tenforde AS, Barrack MT, Nattiv A, Fredericson M. Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and impaired bone health: a review of the Female Athlete Triad. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(3):157-166. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095045

  7. Melin A, Tornberg ÅB, Skouby S, Møller SS, Sundgot-Borgen J, Faber J, et al. Energy availability and the Female Athlete Triad in elite endurance athletes. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(5):610-622. doi:10.1111/sms.12261

  8. Gibbs JC, Williams NI, De Souza MJ. Prevalence of individual and combined components of the Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013;45(5):985-996. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31827e1bdc

  9. Torstveit MK, Ackerman KE, Constantini N, Holtzman B, Koehler K, Mountjoy ML, et al. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S): a narrative review by a subgroup of the IOC consensus on RED-S. Br J Sports Med. 2023;57(17):1119-1128. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-106932

  10. De Souza MJ, West SL, Jamal SA, Hawker GA, Gundberg CM, Williams NI, et al. High prevalence of subtle and severe menstrual disturbances in exercising women. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(2):529-539. doi:10.1093/humrep/del421

WHAT DIETETIC STUDENTS NEED TO THRIVE ON PLACEMENT – by Holly Monday-Jones RD

  1. British Dietetic Association (2025) Dietetic Common Assessment Tool (CAT) In Depth Reflection. Available from: https://www.bda.uk.com/

  2. Jamieson J, Palermo C, Hay M, Gibson S. Assessment practices for dietetic students: An updated systematic review (2017-2024). Nutr Diet 2025. 82(5):467-486 doi:10.1111/1747-0080.70001

  3. O'Donovan S, Palermo C, Ryan L. Competency-based assessment in nutrition education: A systematic literature review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2020.35(1):102-111 doi:10.1111/jhn.12946

  4. Dwyer P. The neurodiversity approach(es): what are they and what do they mean for researchers? Human Development. 2022.66(2), 73-92 doi:10.1159/000523723

  5. Lezak MD, Howieson DB, Bigler ED, Tranel D. Neurological Assessment (5th Ed.). 2012. Oxford University Press

  6. Medisauskaite A, Silkens M, Lagisetty N et al. UK medical students’ mental health and their intention to drop out: a longitudinal study. BMJ Open. 2025.15: doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-094058

  7. Hardie P, O’Donovan R, Jarvis S, Redmond C. Key tips to providing a psychologically safe learning environment in the clinical setting. BMJ Med Educ. 2022.22(1): 816 doi:10.1186/s12909-022-03892-9

  8. Remskar M, Atkinson MJ, Marks E, Ainsworth B. Understanding university student priorities for mental health and well-being support: a mixed methods exploration using the person- based approach. Stress Health. 2022.38(4):776-789 doi:10.1002/smi.3133

  9. Showunmi V, Younas F, Gutman LM. Inclusive Supervision: Bridging the Culture Divide. Encyclopedia. 2024.186-200

THE LAST WORD: RAMADAN AND EATING DISORDERS – Fareeha Jay RD

  1. NHS (2021) Overview - eating disorders. Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/behaviours/eating-disorders/overview/

  2. Beat Eating Disorders (2022) Types of eating disorder. Available at: https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/

  3. Ciftci A, Jones N, Corrigan W. Mental health stigma in the Muslim community. Journal of Muslim Mental Health. 2012. 7;1 https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.102

  4. Bernou M, Beurs E, Furth E. Eating disorders in the Arab world: a literature review. Journal of Eating Disorders. 2020. 8;59: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40337-020-00336-x

  5. Nobakht M, Dezhkam M. An epidemiological study of eating disorders in Iran. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 2000. 28:265-271 doi:10.1002/1098-108x(200011)28:3<265::aid-eat3>3.0.co;2-l

  6. Soh N, Touyz S, Surgenor L. Eating and body image disturbances across cultures: A review. European Eating Disorders Review. 2006.14.54-65. Available at: http://brown.uk.com/eatingdisorders/soh.pdf

  7. Miller M, Pumariega A. Culture and eating disorders: A historical and cross cultural review. Psychiatry. 2001.64;2: 93-110 Available at: http://www.brown.uk.com/eatingdisorders/miller.pdf

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