References May 25 - issue 199

UP FRONT from the Editor

  1. CABBI databases. Studies in Metabolism 10. www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/19391404459

  2. Nishimura Y, Højfeldt G, Breen L, Tetens I, Holm L. Dietary protein requirements and recommendations for healthy older adults: a critical narrative review of the scientific evidence. Nutrition Research Reviews. 2023;36(1):69-85. doi:10.1017/S0954422421000329

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - RAW MILK: FUNCTIONAL FOOD OR A HEALTH HAZARD?

  1. Mummah S et al (2014). Effect of raw milk on lactose intolerance: a randomised controlled pilot study. Ann Fam Med. 2014 Mar-Apr;12(2):134-41. doi: 10.1370/afm.1618

  2. Lucey JA (2015). Raw Milk Consumption: Risks and Benefits. Nutr Today. 50(4):189-193. doi: 10.1097/NT.0000000000000108

  3. Pestana JM et al (2015).Effects of Pasteurisation and Ultra-High Temperature Processes on Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile in Bovine Milk. Am J Food Tech. 10: 265-272. DOI: 10.3923/ajft.2015.265.272

  4. Macdonald LE et al (2011). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of pasteurisation on milk vitamins, and evidence for raw milk consumption and other health-related outcomes. J Food Prot. 74(11):1814-32. doi: 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-269

  5. Brick T et al (2020). The Beneficial Effect of Farm Milk Consumption on Asthma, Allergies, and Infections: From Meta-Analysis of Evidence to Clinical Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 8(3):878-889.e3. doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2019.11.017

  6. Abbring S et al (2019). Milk processing increases the allergenicity of cow's milk-Preclinical evidence supported by a human proof-of-concept provocation pilot. Clin Exp Allergy. 49(7):1013-1025. doi: 10.1111/cea.13399

  7. Claeys WL et al (2013). Raw or heated cow milk consumption: Review of risks and benefits. Food Cont. 31(1):251-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.035

  8. Holland D et al (2020). Estimating deaths from foodborne disease in the UK for 11 key pathogens. BMJ Open Gastroenterol. 7(1):e000377. doi: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000377

  9. Adams N et al (2019). Gastrointestinal infections caused by consumption of raw drinking milk in England & Wales, 1992-2017. Epidemiol Infect. 147:e281. doi: 10.1017/S095026881900164X

  10. USPHS/FDA (US Public Health Service/Food and Drug Administration). 2016. Grade ‘A’ Pasteurised Milk Ordinance. FDA, Washington, DC

COVER STORY: HIGH-PROTEIN FOODS: BENEFICIAL OR JUST A MARKETING HYPE? by Joanna Injore, RD

  1. Ocado: Social media drives up demand for high-protein foods. Available at: https://www.grocerygazette.co.uk/2025/03/03/ocado-high-protein/. Accessed 06.03.25

  2. Functional and natural health food market value worldwide from 2023 to 2033. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/502267/global-health-and-wellness-food-market-value/. Accessed 06.03.25

  3. Public Health England. Government recommendations for energy and nutrients for males and females aged 1 – 18 years and 19+ years. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a749fece5274a44083b82d8/government_dietary_recommendations.pdf. Accessed 06.03.25

  4. Calvez J, Azzout-Marniche D and Tomé D (2024) Protein quality, nutrition and health. Front. Nutr. 11:1406618. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1406618. Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2024.1406618/full Accessed 06.03.25

  5. British Nutrition Foundation. Protein. Available at: https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritional-information/protein/#:~:text=Current%20recommendations%20are%2056g%2Fday,67g%20of%20protein%20a%20day. Accessed 06.03.25

  6. Nutrition claims. Available at: https://food.ec.europa.eu/food-safety/labelling-and-nutrition/nutrition-and-health-claims/nutrition-claims_en. Accessed 06.03.25

  7. Delimaris I. Adverse Effects Associated with Protein Intake above the Recommended Dietary Allowance for Adults. ISRN Nutr. 2013 Jul 18;2013:126929. doi: 10.5402/2013/126929

THE PROTEIN RDA: TIME FOR AN UPDATE? by Mike Sweeney, RD

  1. Nazarko L. Sarcopenia: types, causes, diagnosis and impact. Preprint at https://emap-moon-prod.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/3/2024/12/241111-Sarcopenia-types-causes-diagnosis-and-impact.pdf (2024).

  2. Rodrigues F, Domingos C, Monteiro D & Morouço PA. Review on ageing, sarcopenia, falls, and resistance training in community-dwelling older adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 874 (2022).

  3. Ethgen O, Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Bruyère O & Reginster JY. The future prevalence of sarcopenia in Europe: A claim for public health action. Calcif. Tissue Int. 100, 229–234 (2017).

  4. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Use of Dietary Reference Intakes. A Brief Review of the History and Concepts of the Dietary Reference Intakes. in Dietary Reference Intakes: Guiding Principles for Nutrition Labelling and Fortification (National Academies Press (US), 2003).

  5. Council NR et al. Protein and amino acids. in Recommended Dietary Allowances: 10th Edition (National Academies Press (US), 1989).

  6. Humayun MA, Elango R, Ball RO & Pencharz PB. Reevaluation of the protein requirement in young men with the indicator amino acid oxidation technique. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 86, 995–1002 (2007).

  7. Weiler M, Hertzler SR & Dvoretskiy S. Is it time to reconsider the US recommendations for dietary protein and amino acid intake? Nutrients 15, (2023).

  8. Hudson JL, Wang Y, Bergia RE Iii & Campbell WW. Protein intake greater than the RDA differentially influences whole-body lean mass responses to purposeful catabolic and anabolic stressors: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Adv. Nutr. 11, 548–558 (2020).

  9. Kokura Y, Ueshima J, Saino Y & Maeda K. Enhanced protein intake on maintaining muscle mass, strength, and physical function in adults with overweight/obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Nutr. ESPEN 63, 417–426 (2024).

  10. Weigle DS et al. A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 82, 41–48 (2005).

  11. Johnston CS, Tjonn SL & Swan PD. High-protein, low-fat diets are effective for weight loss and favorably alter biomarkers in healthy adults. J. Nutr. 134, 586–591 (2004).

  12. Haimoto H et al. Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline hemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 11, 33 (2014).

  13. Stentz FB, Mikhael A, Kineish O, Christman J & Sands C. High protein diet leads to prediabetes remission and positive changes in incretins and cardiovascular risk factors. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 31, 1227–1237 (2021).

  14. Malaeb S, Bakker C, Chow LS & Bantle AE. High-protein diets for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Adv. Nutr. 10, 621–633 (2019).

  15. Currenti W et al. Comparative evaluation of a low-carbohydrate diet and a Mediterranean diet in overweight/obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A 16-week intervention study. Nutrients 16, 95 (2023).

  16. Appel LJ et al. Effects of protein, monounsaturated fat, and carbohydrate intake on blood pressure and serum lipids: results of the OmniHeart randomized trial: Results of the OmniHeart randomized trial. JAMA 294, 2455–2464 (2005).

  17. Mantzouranis E, Kakargia E, Kakargias F, Lazaros G & Tsioufis K. The impact of high protein diets on cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Nutrients 15, 1372 (2023).

  18. Cadegiani FA & Kater CE. Adrenal fatigue does not exist: a systematic review. BMC Endocr. Disord. 16, 48 (2016).

  19. Martin WF, Armstrong LE & Rodriguez NR. Dietary protein intake and renal function. Nutr. Metab. (Lond.) 2, 25 (2005).

  20. House Of Commons Library. Poverty in the UK: Statistics. Preprint at https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN07096/SN07096.pdf (2024).

  21. Hoenink JC et al. Changes in UK price disparities between healthy and less healthy foods over 10 years: An updated analysis with insights in the context of inflationary increases in the cost-of-living from 2021. Appetite 197, 107290 (2024).

  22. Zhao S, Xu Y, Li J & Ning Z. The effect of plant-based protein ingestion on athletic ability in healthy people-A Bayesian meta-analysis with systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients 16, 2748 (2024).

  23. Mendes BR et al. Animal-based proteins on muscle protein synthesis: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

  24. Lim MT, Pan BJ, Toh DWK, Sutanto CN & Kim JE. Animal protein versus plant protein in supporting lean mass and muscle strength: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Nutrients 13, 661 (2021).

  25. Nichele S, Phillips SM & Boaventura BCB. Plant-based food patterns to stimulate muscle protein synthesis and support muscle mass in humans: a narrative review. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 47, 700–710 (2022). 

WEANING: NUTRITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS by Vanessa Rojas El Yammouni, RD

  1. World Health Organisation (2023). WHO guideline for complementary feeding of infants and young children 6-23 months of age. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240081864

  2. National Health Service (nd). Introducing solid foods. NHS. Retrieved from https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/weaning/

  3. Nuzzi G, Gerini C, Comberiati P and Peroni DG (2022). The weaning practices: A new challenge for paediatricians? Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 33(Suppl 27), 44-46. https://doi.org/10.1111/pai.13627

  4. National Health Service (nd). Choking and gagging on food. NHS Start for Life. Retrieved February 8, 2025, from https://www.nhs.uk/start-for-life/baby/weaning/safe-weaning/choking-and-gagging-on-food/

  5. World Health Organisation (2009). Infant and young child feeding: Model chapter for textbooks for medical students and allied health professionals. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK148957/

  6. Huh SY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Taveras EM, Oken E and Gillman MW (2011). Timing of solid food introduction and risk of obesity in preschool-aged children. Pediatrics, 127(3), e544-e551. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-0740

  7. Naylor A and Morrow A (2001). Developmental Readiness of Normal Full-Term Infants to Progress from Exclusive Breastfeeding to the Introduction of Complementary Foods. Washington, DC: Wellstart International

  8. Brown A and Lee M (2015). Infant feeding and childhood obesity: A review of the literature. Obesity Reviews, 16(1), 55-64. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12194

  9. UNICEF (2011). Infant and Young Child Feeding: Model Chapter for Textbooks. UNICEF

NASOGASTRIC FEEDING IN PATIENTS WITH ANOREXIA NERVOSA by Maria Margarida Beja, RD

For more on dysphagia, download the NHD Fact File here: www.nhdmag.co.uk/nhdfactfiles.

  1. Galmiche M, Déchelotte P, Lambert G, Tavolacci MP. Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000–2018 period: a systematic literature review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition [Internet]. 2018 Nov 1;109(5):1402-13. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31051507/

  2. Hyam L, Richards KL, Allen KL, Schmidt U. The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on referral numbers, diagnostic mix, and symptom severity in Eating Disorder Early Intervention Services in England. International Journal of Eating Disorders [Internet]. 2022 Oct 21;56(1):269-75. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9874422/

  3. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington (VA): American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013. ISBN 978-0-89042-576-3.

  4. The Royal College of Psychiatrists. Medical Emergencies in Eating Disorders: Guidance on Recognition and Management [Internet]. 2023. Available from: https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/docs/default-source/improving-care/better-mh-policy/college-reports/college-report-cr233-medical-emergencies-in-eating-disorders-(meed)-guidance.pdf

  5. Dhopatkar N, Keeler JL, Gravina D, Gower J, Mutwalli H, Bektas S, et al. Enteral Tube Nutrition in Anorexia Nervosa and Atypical Anorexia Nervosa and Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2025 Jan 24;17(3):425. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/3/425

  6. Morris J, Simpson AV, Voy SJ. Length of Stay of Inpatients with Eating Disorders. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy [Internet]. 2013 Sep 3;22(1):45-53. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24003017/

  7. NICE. Recommendations | Eating disorders: recognition and treatment | Guidance | NICE [Internet]. 2017. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng69/chapter/Recommendations#inpatient-and-day-patient-treatment

  8. Rizzo SM, Douglas JW, Lawrence JC. Enteral nutrition via nasogastric tube for refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review. Nutrition in Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2018 Aug 2;34(3):359-70. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30070730/

  9. Amianto F, Oliaro T, Righettoni F, Davico C, Marcotulli D, Vitiello B. Psychological Effects of Nasogastric Tube (NGT) in Patients with Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2024 Jul 18;16(14):2316. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39064759/

  10. British Dietetic Association, Irish Nutrition & Dietetic Institute. Naso-Gastric Tube feeding under restraint [Internet]. Best Practice Guidelines for Dietitians. Available from: https://www.bda.uk.com/static/c449030d-3147-4563-90d8d6aa3854f8f0/Naso-Gastric-Tube-feeding-under-restraint.pdf

  11. Brinchmann BS, Ludvigsen MS, Godskesen T. Nurses’ experience of nasogastric tube feeding under restraint for Anorexia Nervosa in a psychiatric hospital. BMC Medical Ethics [Internet]. 2024 Oct 10;25(1). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11465664/

  12. Dhopatkar N, Keeler JL, Gravina D, Gower J, Mutwalli H, Bektas S, et al. Enteral Tube Nutrition in Anorexia Nervosa and Atypical Anorexia Nervosa and Outcomes: A Systematic Scoping Review. Nutrients [Internet]. 2025 Jan 24;17(3):425. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/17/3/425

  13. Bendall C, Taylor NF. The effect of oral refeeding compared with nasogastric refeeding on the quality of care for patients hospitalised with an eating disorder: A systematic review. Nutrition & Dietetics [Internet]. 2022 Oct 18;80(1):44-54. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36254572/

  14. Jafar W, Morgan J. Anorexia nervosa and the gastrointestinal tract. Frontline Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2021 Aug 20;13(4):316-24. Available from: https://fg.bmj.com/content/13/4/316

  15. Kells M, Kelly-Weeder S. Nasogastric tube feeding for individuals with anorexia nervosa. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association [Internet]. 2016 Jul 9;22(6):449-68. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27519612/

THE MODERN CHALLENGES OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS – BEYOND SURVIVAL by Shazia Faisal, RD

  1. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng78

  2. https://www.cysticfibrosisjournal.com/

  3. Keogh RH, Cosgriff R, Andrinopoulou ER, Brownlee KG, Carr SB, Diaz-Ordaz K, Granger E, Jewell NP, Lewin A, Leyrat C, Schlüter DK, van Smeden M, Szczesniak RD, Connett GJ. Projecting the impact of triple CFTR modulator therapy on intravenous antibiotic requirements in cystic fibrosis using patient registry data combined with treatment effects from randomised trials. Thorax. 2022 Sep;77(9):873-881

  4. Regard L, Martin C, Da Silva J, Burgel PR. CFTR Modulators: Current Status and Evolving Knowledge. Semin Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Apr;44(2):186-195. Doi: 10.1055/s-0042-1758851. Epub 2022 Dec 19. PMID: 36535667

  5. Burgener EB, Moss RB. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulators: precision medicine in cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018 Jun;30(3):372-377. Doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000627. PMID: 29538046; PMCID: PMC6398332

  6. Lopes-Pacheco M. CFTR Modulators: The Changing Face of Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Precision Medicine. Front Pharmacol. 2020 Feb 21;10:1662. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01662. PMID: 32153386; PMCID: PMC7046560

  7. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng78/chapter/recommendations

  8. Smyth A, Walters S. Prophylactic antibiotics for cystic fibrosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(3):CD001912. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001912. Update in: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD001912. Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001912.pub2. PMID: 12917916

  9. https://www.pencf.org.uk/bowel_and_nutrition/pancreatic_enzyme_replacement_therapy.html

  10. Borowitz D, Gelfond D, Blackman SM, et al. (2022). “Impact of CFTR Modulators on Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency and PERT Use in CF Patients.” Journal of Cystic Fibrosis, 21(3), 450–460. DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2021.09.008

  11. McBennett KA, Davis PB, Konstan MW. Increasing life expectancy in cystic fibrosis: Advances and challenges. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022 Feb;57 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S5-S12

  12. Blankenship S, Landis AR, Harrison Williams E, Peabody Lever JE, Garcia B, Solomon G, Krick S. What the future holds: cystic fibrosis and ageing. Front Med (Lausanne). 2024 Jan 8;10:1340388. Doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1340388. PMID: 38264036; PMCID: PMC10804849

  13. Granados A, Chan CL, Ode KL, Moheet A, Moran A, Holl R. Cystic fibrosis-related diabetes: Pathophysiology, screening and diagnosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2019 Oct;18 Suppl 2:S3-S9

  14. Tanner KT, Daniel RM, Bilton D, Simmonds NJ, Sharples LD, Keogh RH. Mediation of the total effect of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes on mortality: A UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry cohort study. Diabet Med. 2022 Nov;39(11):e14958. doi: 10.1111/dme.14958. Epub 2022 Sep 16. PMID: 36075586; PMCID: PMC9826418

  15. Stewart KL, Szczesniak R, Liou TG. Predicting weight gain in patients with cystic fibrosis on triple combination modulator. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024; 59: 1724-1730

  16. Petersen MC, Begnel L, Wallendorf M, Litvin M. Effect of elexacaftor-tezacaftor-ivacaftor on body weight and metabolic parameters in adults with cystic fibrosis. J Cyst Fibros. 2022 Mar;21(2):265-271

  17. cysticfibrosis.org.uk

  18. Jain R, Kazmerski TM, Taylor-Cousar JL. The modern landscape of fertility, pregnancy, and parenthood in people with cystic fibrosis. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2023 Nov 1;29(6):595-602. Doi: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000001009. Epub 2023 Sep 1. PMID: 37789771; PMCID: PMC10629848

  19. Kazmerski TM, West NE, Jain R, Uluer A, Georgiopoulos AM, Aitken ML, Taylor-Cousar JL. Family-building and parenting considerations for people with cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022 Feb;57 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S75-S88. Doi: 10.1002/ppul.25620. Epub 2021 Aug 18. PMID: 34407321; PMCID: PMC9292426

  20. Bathgate CJ, Hjelm M, Filigno SS, Smith BA, Georgiopoulos AM. Management of Mental Health in Cystic Fibrosis. Clin Chest Med. 2022 Dec;43(4):791-810. Doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2022.06.014. PMID: 36344081

TYPE 2 DIABETES REMISSION: A REVIEW OF THE LATEST SCIENTIFIC EVIDENCE by Mei Wan RD, MBDA

  1. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/news-and-views/diabetes-prevention-week-2024-action-needed-tackle-rising-type-2-cases

  2. Maddatu J, Anderson-Baucum E, Evans-Molina C. Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Transl Res. 2017 Jun;184:101-107. doi: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.02.004. Epub 2017 Mar 6. PMID: 28336465; PMCID: PMC5429867. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28336465/

  3. Riddle MC, Cefalu WT, Evans PH, Gerstein HC, Nauck MA, Oh WK, Rothberg AE, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Schauer P, Taylor R, Twenefour D. Consensus Report: Definition and Interpretation of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jan 1;107(1):1-9. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab585. PMID: 34459898; PMCID: PMC8825709. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459898/

  4. Riddle MC, Cefalu WT, Evans PH, Gerstein HC, Nauck MA, Oh WK, Rothberg AE, le Roux CW, Rubino F, Schauer P, Taylor R, Twenefour D. Consensus Report: Definition and Interpretation of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022 Jan 1;107(1):1-9. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgab585. PMID: 34459898; PMCID: PMC8825709. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34459898/

  5. https://abcd.care/sites/default/files/resources/ABCD-and-PCDS-final-statement-3March2019.pdf

  6. Buse JB, Caprio S, Cefalu WT, Ceriello A, Del Prato S, Inzucchi SE, McLaughlin S, Phillips GL 2nd, Robertson RP, Rubino F, Kahn R, Kirkman MS. How do we define cure of diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2009 Nov;32(11):2133-5. doi: 10.2337/dc09-9036. PMID: 19875608; PMCID: PMC2768219. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19875608/

  7. Dambha-Miller H, Day AJ, Strelitz J, Irving G, Griffin SJ. Behaviour change, weight loss and remission of Type 2 diabetes: a community-based prospective cohort study. Diabet Med. 2020 Apr;37(4):681-688. doi: 10.1111/dme.14122. Epub 2019 Sep 26. PMID: 31479535; PMCID: PMC7155116. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7155116/

  8. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, Brosnahan N, Thom G, McCombie L, Kelly T, Irvine K, Peters C, Zhyzhneuskaya S, Hollingsworth KG, Adamson AJ, Sniehotta FF, Mathers JC, McIlvenna Y, Welsh P, McConnachie A, McIntosh A, Sattar N, Taylor R. 5-year follow-up of the randomised Diabetes Remission Clinical Trial (DiRECT) of continued support for weight loss maintenance in the UK: an extension study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Apr;12(4):233-246. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00385-6. Epub 2024 Feb 26. Erratum in: Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Jun;12(6):e17. doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00128-1. PMID: 38423026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38423026/

  9. Taylor R, Ramachandran A, Yancy WS Jr, Forouhi NG. Nutritional basis of type 2 diabetes remission. BMJ. 2021 Jul 7;374:n1449. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1449. Erratum in: BMJ. 2021 Jul 9;374:n1752. doi: 10.1136/bmj.n1752. PMID: 34233884; PMCID: PMC8261662. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34233884/

  10. Brown A, McArdle P, Taplin J, Unwin D, Unwin J, Deakin T, Wheatley S, Murdoch C, Malhotra A, Mellor D. Dietary strategies for remission of type 2 diabetes: A narrative review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2022 Feb;35(1):165-178. doi: 10.1111/jhn.12938. Epub 2021 Sep 1. PMID: 34323335. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34323335/

  11. Lean ME, Leslie WS, Barnes AC, Brosnahan N, Thom G, McCombie L, Peters C, Zhyzhneuskaya S, Al-Mrabeh A, Hollingsworth KG, Rodrigues AM, Rehackova L, Adamson AJ, Sniehotta FF, Mathers JC, Ross HM, McIlvenna Y, Stefanetti R, Trenell M, Welsh P, Kean S, Ford I, McConnachie A, Sattar N, Taylor R. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet. 2018 Feb 10;391(10120):541-551. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1. Epub 2017 Dec 5. PMID: 29221645. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29221645/

  12. Lemieux I. Reversing Type 2 Diabetes: The Time for Lifestyle Medicine Has Come! Nutrients. 2020 Jul 3;12(7):1974. doi: 10.3390/nu12071974. PMID: 32635141; PMCID: PMC7400171. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32635141/

  13. Steven S, Hollingsworth KG, Al-Mrabeh A, Avery L, Aribisala B, Caslake M, Taylor R. Very Low-Calorie Diet and 6 Months of Weight Stability in Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Changes in Responders and Nonresponders. Diabetes Care. 2016 May;39(5):808-15. doi: 10.2337/dc15-1942. Epub 2016 Mar 21. Erratum in: Diabetes Care. 2018 Jun;41(6):1321. doi: 10.2337/dc18-er06. PMID: 27002059. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27002059/

  14. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/nhs-type-2-diabetes-path-to-remission-programme-service-specification-2023/

  15. https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-us/news-and-views/weight-loss-can-put-type-2-diabetes-remission-least-five-years-reveal-latest-findings

  16. Liu Y, Chen Y, Ma J, Lin J, Liu C, Li X, Xu Y, Kuang H, Shi L, Xue Y, Feng B, Zhu D, Wang G, Yang J, Xiao X, Yu X, Zhou J, Bao Y, Su Q, Lyu M, Li X, Zhang H, Li X. Dapagliflozin plus calorie restriction for remission of type 2 diabetes: multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. BMJ. 2025 Jan 22;388:e081820. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2024-081820. PMID: 39843169; PMCID: PMC11752448. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39843169/

  17. Hope D, Valabhji J. SGLT2 inhibitors and dietary calorie restriction for type 2 diabetes remission. BMJ. 2025 Jan 22;388:r40. doi: 10.1136/bmj.r40. PMID: 39843172. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39843172/

     

ELDERLY CARE HOME NUTRITION by Maria Arshad

  1. https://cherishedagency.com/nutrition-and-in-home-care-ensuring-a-balanced-diet-for-seniors/

  2. Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2023). Population and household estimates, Census 2021. Retrieved from https://www.ons.gov.uk

  3. BAPEN. (2023). Introduction to Malnutrition. Retrieved from https://www.bapen.org.uk

  4. Stratton, R. J. (2024). Managing malnutrition and multimorbidity in primary care: dietary approaches to reduce treatment burden. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 1-24

  5. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/malnutrition/symptoms/

  6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Nutrition support in adults. Quality Standard 24. 2012.

  7. Quality Care Commission. Health and Social Care Act 2008 (Regulated Activities) Regulations 2014: Regulation 14 Meeting nutritional and hydration needs [Online]. Accessed 21 Aug 2024

  8. BAPEN commissioning toolkit: Malnutrition Matters. Meeting Quality Standards in Nutritional Care. A Toolkit for Commissioners and Providers in England Ailsa Brotherton, Nicola Simmonds and Mike Stroud on behalf of BAPEN Quality Group. https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/bapen-commissioning-toolkit/

  9. NICE. Management of Malnutrition. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/adult-malnutrition/management/management-of-malnutrition/

  10. ‘MUST’. https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_full.pdf

  11. The Malnutrition Pathway. Managing Adult Malnutrition. https://www.malnutritionpathway.co.uk/index

  12. Parsons, E. L., Stratton, R. J., Cawood, A. L., Smith, T. R., & Elia, M. (2017). Oral nutritional supplements in a randomised trial are more effective than dietary advice at improving quality of life in malnourished care home residents. Clinical Nutrition, 36(1), 134-142

  13. BAPEN Principles of Good Nutritional Practice – Decision Trees. https://www.bapen.org.uk/guidelines/decision-trees/

  14. Phillips PA, Rolls BJ, Ledingham JG, et al. (1984). Reduced thirst after water deprivation in healthy elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine, 311(12), 753-759.

  15. Faubel S, Patel NU, Lockhart G, et al. (1990). Aging and the physiological response to dehydration. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 57(4), 341-345.

  16. Vivanti A, Harvey K, Ash S, et al. (2018). Prevalence of dehydration among residents in long-term care: A systematic review. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 31(3), 291-299

  17. Lindeman RD. (2000). The role of nutrition in hydration status in the elderly. Nutrition Reviews, 58(4), 137-145.

  18. https://www.carehome.co.uk/advice/care-home-food-eating-healthily-in-a-care-home

  19. Why 5 A Day? https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/5-a-day/why-5-a-day/

  20. WHO. Healthy diet. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet

  21. ESPEN. Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: Recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Deutz, Nicolaas E.P. et al. Clinical Nutrition, Volume 33, Issue 6, 929 - 936

  22. Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., & Appel, L. J. (2002). Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 106(21), 2747-2757.

  23. Slavin, J. (2013). Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients, 5(4), 1417-1435.

  24. National Osteoporosis Foundation. (2022). Calcium and vitamin D: What you need to know. Retrieved from www.nof.org

  25. Smith, A. D., & Refsum, H. (2016). Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annual Review of Nutrition, 36, 211-239.

  26. Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN). (2016). Vitamin D and Health. Retrieved from www.gov.uk


THE LANDSCAPE OF ACUTE WEIGHT MANAGEMENT by Ines Jabir, RD

  1. Huang J, Li Y, Chen M, Cai Z, Cai Z, Jiang Z. Comparing caloric restriction regimens for effective weight management in adults: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [internet]. 2024 [cited 2025 March 3]; 21(1): 108. Available from: doi: 10.1186/s12966-024-01657-9

  2. Chao AM, Quigley KM, Wadden TA. Dietary interventions for obesity: clinical and mechanistic findings. J Clin Invest [internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 131(1): e140065. Available from: Doi: 10.1172/JCI140065

  3. Kelley CP, Sbrocco G, Sbrocco T. Behavioural Modification for the Management of Obesity. Prim Care [internet]. 2016 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 43(1): 159-75. Available from: Doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2015.10.004

  4. Welton S, Minty R, O'Driscoll T, Willms H, Poirier D, Madden S, Kelly L. Intermittent fasting and weight loss: Systematic review. Can Fam Physician [internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 66(2):117-125. Available from: Intermittent fasting and weight loss: Systematic review - PubMed

  5. National Academy for Social Prescribing. Physical Activity. [internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Mar 3]. Available from: Physical Activity - National Academy for Social Prescribing | NASP

  6. Khodadadi F, Bagheri R, Negaresh R, Moradi S, Nordvall M, Camera DM, Wong A, Suzuki K. The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training Type on Body Fat Percentage, Fat and Fat-Free Mass: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Clinical Trials. J Clin Med [internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 12(6): 2291. Available from: Doi: 10.3390/jcm12062291.

  7. van der Ploeg HP, Bull FC. Invest in physical activity to protect and promote health: the 2020 WHO guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act [internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 17(1): 145. Available from: doi: 10.1186/s12966-020-01051-1

  8. Debar LL, Wilson GT, Yarborough BJ, Burns B, Oyler B, Hildebrandt T, Clarke GN, Dickerson J, Striegel RH. Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Recurrent Binge Eating in Adolescent Girls: A Pilot Trial. Cogn Behav Pract [internet]. 2013 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 20(2): 147-161. Available from: doi: 10.1016/j.cbpra.2012.04.001

  9. Kriakous SA, Elliott KA, Lamers C, Owen R. The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on the Psychological Functioning of Healthcare Professionals: A Systematic Review. Mindfulness (N Y) [internet]. 2021 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 12(1): 1-28. Available from: doi: 10.1007/s12671-020-01500-9

  10. Bradley T, Campbell E, Dray J, Bartlem K, Wye P, Hanly G, Gibson L, Fehily C, Bailey J, Wynne O, Colyvas K, Bowman J. Systematic review of lifestyle interventions to improve weight, physical activity and diet among people with a mental health condition. Syst Rev [internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Mar 3] ;11(1):198. Available from: doi: 10.1186/s13643-022-02067-3

  11. NHS England. The NHS Digital Weight Management Programme. [internet]. 2025 [cited 2025 Mar 3]. Available from: NHS England » The NHS Digital Weight Management Programme

  12. Tate DF, Lutes LD, Bryant M, Truesdale KP, Hatley KE, Griffiths Z, Tang TS, Padgett LD, Pinto AM, Stevens J, Foster GD. Efficacy of a Commercial Weight Management Program Compared with a Do-It-Yourself Approach: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open [internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Mar 3]; 5(8):e2226561. Available from: doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.26561

  13. Toon J, Geneva M, Sharpe P, Lavin J, Bennett S, Avery A. Weight loss outcomes achieved by adults accessing an online programme offered as part of Public Health England's 'Better Health' campaign. BMC Public Health [internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 March 3]; 22(1): 1456. Available from: doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-13847-w

  14. Lewis L, Taylor M, Broom J, Johnston KL. The cost-effectiveness of the LighterLife weight management programme as an intervention for obesity in England. Clin Obes [internet]. 2014 [cited 2025 Mar 3] ;4(3): 180-8. Available from: doi: 10.1111/cob.12060

THE LAST WORD: CONSUMPTION OF CRUCIFEROUS VEGETABLES LINKED TO LOWER BREAST CANCER RISK by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. World Cancer Research Fund (2025). UK Cancer statistics. Availaible at: https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-statistics/uk-cancer-statistics/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAhvK8BhDfARIsABsPy4gjsUR9S3R4BTbjM5vKICaR4xaKl6hselOX8_di5LaRR-wuGtSSE1waAmq8EALw_wcB#cancer-incidence-in-the-uk

  2. World Cancer Research Fund (2025). Breast Cancer. Available at : https://www.wcrf.org/preventing-cancer/cancer-types/breast-cancer/?gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiAhvK8BhDfARIsABsPy4gHv66SihUokIqTjNSArNtA8JOwJZhWR65DiFnJHYiWZkN_kHLAxhEaApFkEALw_wcB#what-protects-against-breast-cancer

  3. National Cancer Institute. Cruciferous Vegetable. Available at: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/cruciferous-vegetable

  4. Tengda Lin, Gary R Zirpoli, Susan E McCann, Kirsten B Moysich, Christine B Ambrosone, Li Tang. Trends in Cruciferous Vegetable Consumption and Associations with Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study, Current Developments in Nutrition, Vol 1, Issue 8,2017, e000448, ISSN 2475-2991,https://doi.org/10.3945/cdn.117.000448

  5. Fahey JW, Zhang Y, Talalay P. Broccoli sprouts: an exceptionally rich source of inducers of enzymes that protect against chemical carcinogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997 Sep 16;94(19):10367-72. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10367. PMID: 9294217; PMCID: PMC23369

  6. Bertram JS. Dietary carotenoids, connexins and cancer: what is the connection? Biochem Soc Trans.1 November 2004; 32 (6): 985-989. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/BST0320985

  7. Farvid MS, Chen WY, Rosner BA, Tamimi RM, Willett WC, Eliassen AH. Fruit and vegetable consumption and breast cancer incidence: Repeated measures over 30 years of follow-up. Int J Cancer. 2019 Apr 1;144(7):1496-1510. doi: 10.1002/ijc.31653. Epub 2018 Dec 19. PMID: 29978479; PMCID: PMC6440478

  8. Nechuta S, Caan BJ, Chen WY, Kwan ML, Lu W, Cai H, Poole EM, Flatt SW, Zheng W, Pierce JP, Shu XO. Postdiagnosis cruciferous vegetable consumption and breast cancer outcomes: a report from the After Breast Cancer Pooling Project. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2013 Aug;22(8):1451-6. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-13-0446. Epub 2013 Jun 13. PMID: 23765086; PMCID: PMC3732536

  9. Xiaojiao Liu, Kezhen Lv. Cruciferous vegetables intake is inversely associated with risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis. The Breast, Vol 22, Issue 3,2013, pp 309-313. ISSN 0960-9776,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2012.07.013

  10. Zhang, Z. et al. (2016) ‘Associations between cruciferous vegetable intake and selected biomarkers among women scheduled for breast biopsies’, Public Health Nutrition, 19(7), pp. 1288–1295. doi:10.1017/S136898001500244X

  11. Li F et al (2011). Variation of glucoraphanin metabolism in vivo and ex vivo by human gut bacteria. British Journal of Nutrition, 106(3), pp 408-416. doi:10.1017/S0007114511000274