References November 25 issue 204

UP FRONT from the Editor

  1. https://yougov.co.uk/society/articles/40047-one-eight-britons-feel-tired-all-time

  2. Dukes J et al. Approach to Fatigue: Best Practice. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33246515/

  3. Mental Health UK. Burnout Report 2025 reveals generational divide in levels of stress and work absence. Posted 16th January 2025. https://mentalhealth-uk.org/blog/burnout-report-2025-reveals-generational-divide-in-levels-of-stress-and-work-absence/

  4. NHS Employers. Sleep, fatigue and the workplace. 20th January 2025. https://www.nhsemployers.org/articles/sleep-fatigue-and-workplace

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - THE AUTOIMMUNE PROTOCOL DIET (AIP)

  1. Mu Q et al (2017). Leaky Gut as a Danger Signal for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 8:598. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00598

  2. Xu Y et al (2018). Wholegrain diet reduces systemic inflammation: A meta-analysis of 9 randomised trials. Medicine (Baltimore). 97(43):e12995. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000012995

  3. Konijeti GG et al (2017). Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 23(11):2054-2060. doi: 10.1097/MIB.0000000000001221

COVER STORY: BEYOND TIRED: THE SCIENCE AND IMPACT OF FATIGUE by Dr Shazia Faisal

  1. https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/tiredness-fatigue-in-adults/

  2. Finsterer J, Mahjoub SZ. Fatigue in healthy and diseased individuals. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2014 Aug;31(5):562-75. Doi: 10.1177/1049909113494748. Epub 2013 Jul 26. PMID: 23892338.

  3. Billones R, Liwang JK, Butler K, Graves L, Saligan LN. Dissecting the fatigue experience: A scoping review of fatigue definitions, dimensions, and measures in non-oncologic medical conditions. Brain Behav Immun Health. 2021 May 21;15:100266. Doi: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100266. PMID: 34589772; PMCID: PMC8474156.

  4. Son CG. Differential diagnosis between “chronic fatigue” and “chronic fatigue syndrome”. Integr Med Res. 2019 Jun;8(2):89-91. Doi: 10.1016/j.imr.2019.04.005. Epub 2019 Apr 12. PMID: 31193269; PMCID: PMC6522773.

  5. Maisel P, Baum E, Donner-Banzhoff N. Fatigue as the Chief Complaint–Epidemiology, Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2021 Aug 23;118(33-34):566-576. Doi: 10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0192. PMID: 34196270; PMCID: PMC8579431.

  6. Bansal AS. Investigating unexplained fatigue in general practice with a particular focus on CFS/ME. BMC Fam Pract. 2016 Jul 19;17:81. doi: 10.1186/s12875-016-0493-0. PMID: 27436349; PMCID: PMC4950776.

  7. Azzolino D, Arosio B, Marzetti E, Calvani R, Cesari M. Nutritional Status as a Mediator of Fatigue and Its Underlying Mechanisms in Older People. Nutrients. 2020 Feb 10;12(2):444. doi: 10.3390/nu12020444. PMID: 32050677; PMCID: PMC7071235.

  8. Silverman MN, Heim CM, Nater UM, Marques AH, Sternberg EM. Neuroendocrine and immune contributors to fatigue. PM R. 2010 May;2(5):338-46. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.04.008. PMID: 20656615; PMCID: PMC2933136.

  9. Zielinski MR, Systrom DM, Rose NR. Fatigue, Sleep, and Autoimmune and Related Disorders. Front Immunol. 2019 Aug 6;10:1827. Doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01827. PMID: 31447842; PMCID: PMC6691096.

  10. Haß U, Herpich C, Norman K. Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue. Nutrients. 2019 Sep 30;11(10):2315. Doi: 10.3390/nu11102315. PMID: 31574939; PMCID: PMC6835556

  11. Hui Ho DC, Zheng RM. Approach to fatigue in primary care. Singapore Med J. 2022 Nov;63(11):674-678. Doi: 10.4103/SINGAPOREMEDJ.SMJ-2021-118. PMID: 36573655; PMCID: PMC9815175.

  12. Jung SJ, Lee SO, Choi MJ, Heo J, Chae SW, Cho BH. Influence of Comprehensive Lifestyle Intervention (LSI) Program on Health, Fatigue, and Quality of Life in Middle-Aged Women. J Lifestyle Med. 2022 Sep 30;12(3):127-137. doi: 10.15280/jlm.2022.12.3.127. PMID: 36628179; PMCID: PMC9798878.

  13. Tardy AL, Pouteau E, Marquez D, Yilmaz C, Scholey A. Vitamins and Minerals for Energy, Fatigue and Cognition: A Narrative Review of the Biochemical and Clinical Evidence. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):228. Doi: 10.3390/nu12010228. PMID: 31963141; PMCID: PMC7019700.

  14. Bjørklund G, Dadar M, Pen JJ, Chirumbolo S, Aaseth J. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS): Suggestions for a nutritional treatment in the therapeutic approach. Biomed Pharmacother. 2019 Jan;109:1000-1007. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.076. Epub 2018 Nov 5. PMID: 30551349.

  15. Campagnolo N, Johnston S, Collatz A, Staines D, Marshall-Gradisnik S. Dietary and nutrition interventions for the therapeutic treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis: a systematic review. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2017 Jun;30(3):247-259. Doi: 10.1111/jhn.12435. Epub 2017 Jan 22. PMID: 28111818; PMCID: PMC5434800.

  16. O'Callaghan F, Muurlink O, Reid N. Effects of caffeine on sleep quality and daytime functioning. Risk Manag Healthc Policy. 2018 Dec 7;11:263-271. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S156404. PMID: 30573997; PMCID: PMC6292246.

  17. Fateh HR, Askary-Kachoosangy R, Shirzad N, Akbarzadeh-Baghban A, Fatehi F. The effect of energy conservation strategies on fatigue, function, and quality of life in adults with motor neuron disease: Randomized controlled trial. Curr J Neurol. 2022 Apr 4;21(2):83-90. Doi: 10.18502/cjn.v21i2.10491. PMID: 38011426; PMCID: PMC9860213.

  18. Sanal-Hayes NEM, Mclaughlin M, Hayes LD, Mair JL, Ormerod J, Carless D, Hilliard N, Meach R, Ingram J, Sculthorpe NF. A scoping review of ‘Pacing’ for management of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS): lessons learned for the long COVID pandemic. J Transl Med. 2023 Oct 14;21(1):720. Doi: 10.1186/s12967-023-04587-5. PMID: 37838675; PMCID: PMC10576275

  19. Adamson J, Ali S, Santhouse A, Wessely S, Chalder T. Cognitive behavioural therapy for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome: outcomes from a specialist clinic in the UK. J R Soc Med. 2020 Oct;113(10):394-402. Doi: 10.1177/0141076820951545. Epub 2020 Sep 15. PMID: 32930040; PMCID: PMC7583448

  20. Su Y, Cochrane BB, Reding K, Herting JR, Tinker LF, Zaslavsky O. Mediterranean Diet and Fatigue among Community-Dwelling Postmenopausal Women. J Nutr Gerontol Geriatr. 2022 Jan-Mar;41(1):22-45. doi: 10.1080/21551197.2022.2025972. Epub 2022 Jan 18. PMID: 35038968; PMCID: PMC9835016

  21. Yang L, Calingasan NY, Wille EJ, Cormier K, Smith K, Ferrante RJ, Beal MF. Combination therapy with coenzyme Q10 and creatine produces additive neuroprotective effects in models of Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases. J Neurochem. 2009 Jun;109(5):1427-39. Doi: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06074.x. Epub 2009 Mar 28. PMID: 19476553; PMCID: PMC2866530


BEYOND HYDROLYSED FORMULAS: WHAT OPTIONS EXIST FOR CHILDREN WITH CMPA? by Hazel Duncan

  1. Venter C, Brown T, Shah N, Walsh J, Fox AT (2013). Diagnosis and management of non-IgE-mediated cow’s milk allergy in infancy – a UK primary care practical guide. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 3(1), pp 23

  2. Koletzko S, Heine RG, Beyer K, Niggemann B, Ponvert C, Salapatek AM and Venter C (2012). Diagnostic approach and management of cow’s milk protein allergy in infants and children: ESPGHAN GI Committee practical guidelines. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 55(2), pp 221-22

  3. British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology (BSACI) (2021). Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of CMPA in Children. [online] Available at: https://www.bsaci.org

  4. Host A (2002). Frequency of cow’s milk allergy in childhood. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 89(6 Suppl), pp 33-37

  5. NICE (2019). Food allergy in under 19s: assessment and diagnosis. Clinical guideline [CG116]. [online] Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg116

  6. Venter C, Meyer R, Nwaru BI, Roduit C, Untersmayr E, Adel-Patient K, Dupont C, Yerushalmi G, Staiano A and Szajewska H (2019). EAACI position paper: Influence of dietary management of food allergy on quality of life in children and caregivers. Allergy, 74(8), pp 1416-1431

  7. The Milk Allergy in Primary Care (MAP) Guideline 2019. https://gpifn.org.uk/imap/

  8. Giovannini M, Verduci E, Gregori D, Ballali S, Bonfa M, Brunetti D, Luotti D and Riva E (2014). Cow’s milk allergic infants: dietary strategies and growth outcomes. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 58(4), pp 408-412

  9. Berni Canani R, Nocerino R, Terrin G, Frediani T, Lucarelli S, Cosenza L, Leone L, Passariello A, Villani A and Di Costanzo M (2015). Formula selection for management of children with cow's milk allergy influences the rate of acquisition of tolerance: a prospective multicentre study. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 61(1), pp 56-60

  10. Luyt D, Ball H, Makwana N, Bravin K, Nasser SM and Clark AT (2014). BSACI guideline for the diagnosis and management of cow’s milk allergy. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 44(5), pp 642-672. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12302


THE SPECTRUM OF MALNUTRITION by Joanne Mainwaring RD, SFHEA

  1. World Health Organisation (2025). Malnutrition available online at https://www.who.int/health-topics/malnutrition#tab=tab_1 (accessed 23 August 2025)

  2. Pawlak B, Berger J, Hines I (2016). Iron status of vegetarian adults: A review of the literature. Am J Lifestyle Medicine 12 (6) 486-498

  3. Trumbo P, Yeates A, Schlicker S, Poos M (2001). Dietary reference intakes – vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium and zinc. J of American Dietetic Association. Vol 101 (3) PP294-301

  4. World Health Organisation (2016). Iron deficiency anaemia assessment, prevention and control. A guide for programme managers. Geneva Switzerland. WHO online

  5. Reddy S, Sanders B (1990). Haematological studies on pre-menopausal Indian and Caucasian vegetarians compared with Caucasian omnivores. British Journal of Nutrition 64 pp 331-338

  6. Geerligs PD, Brabin BJ, Omari AA (2003). Food prepared in iron cooking pots as an intervention for reducing iron deficiency anaemia in developing countries. A systematic review. J Human Nutrition and Dietetics 16 275-281

  7. Young Joo E, Young Kim K, Hyun Kim D, Eun Lee J, Ki Kim S (2016). Iron deficiency anaemia in infants and toddlers. Blood Research 51(4) 268-273

  8. Alshwaiyat NM, Ahmed A, Hassan WMRW, Al-Jamal HAN (2021). Association between obesity and iron deficiency (review). Experimental and therapeutic medicine 22(5) 1268

  9. Espinosa-Salas S and Gonxalez-Arias M (2023). Nutrition: Macronutrient intake, imbalances and interventions. National Library of Medicine

  10. BAPEN (2025). Introduction to malnutrition. BAPEN available online at bapen.org.uk/malnutrition/introduction-to-malnutrition/. (accessed 16th August 2025)

  11. BAPEN (2011). Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool. BAPEN available online at https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/must/must_full.pdf (accessed 23 August 2025)

  12. BAPEN (2023). Malnutrion and Nutritional Care Survey in Adults. BAPEN available online at https://www.bapen.org.uk/pdfs/reports/mag/national-survey-of-malnutrition-and-nutritional-care-2023.pdf (accessed 23 August 2025)

  13. Cena H, Calder PC (2020). Defining a healthy diet: Evidence for the role of contemporary dietary proteins in health and disease. Nutrients Jan 21:12(2)

  14. Bauer J, Biolo G, Cederholm T, Cesari M, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Morley JE, Phillips S, Sieber C, Stehle P, Teta D, Visvanathan R, Volpi E, Boirie Y (2023). Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, Volume 14, Issue 8. Pages 542-559, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021

  15. Victora, Cesar G et al (2008). Maternal and child undernutrition: consequences for adult health and human capital. The Lancet, Volume 371, Issue 9609, 340 - 357

  16. Jeon CH, Kim SK and Son CG (2021). Recovery of an elderly kwashiorkor patient by Korean medicine: a case report. J Korean Medicine 42(1) 129-135

  17. Lunn PG, Morley CJ, Neale G (1998). A case of Kwashiorkor in the UK. Clinical Nutrition 17(3) p131-133

  18. Anon (2019). Kwashiorkor in an adult from alcohol dependence and severe malnutrition Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Vol 81, Issue 4, AB230

  19. Kapoor N, Bhattacharya S, Agarwal N, Das S, Bantwal G, Deshmukh V, Kalra S. Subclinical Kwashiorkor in Adults: A New Age Paradigm. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2022 May-Jun;26(3):213-222. doi: 10.4103/ijem.ijem_42_22. Epub 2022 Aug 4. PMID: 36248046; PMCID: PMC9555378

  20. Dipasquale V, Cucinotta U, Romano C. Acute Malnutrition in Children: Pathophysiology, Clinical Effects and Treatment. Nutrients. 2020 Aug 12;12(8)

  21. Kassaw A, Amare D, Birhanu M, Tesfaw A, Zeleke S, Arage G, Kefale D. Survival and predictors of mortality among severe acute malnourished under-five children admitted at Felege-Hiwot comprehensive specialised hospital, northwest Ethiopia: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2021 Apr 16;21(1):176

  22. Census 2021. Deaths from malnutrition. Available online at https://www.ons.gov.uk/aboutus/transparencyandgovernance/freedomofinformationfoi/deathsfrommalnutrition#:~:text=These%20data%20do%20not%20provide,and%20so%20not%20eat%20properly. (accessed 22 August 2025)

DYSPHAGIA: TO THICKEN OR NOT TO THICKEN by Jenni Fraser

  1. Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (Jan 2024). Position paper on the use of thickened fluids in the management of people with swallowing difficulties. https://www.rcslt.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Thickened-fluids-position-paper.pdf

  2. Langmore SE, Skarupski KA, Park PS and Fries BE (2002). Predictors of Aspiration Pneumonia in Nursing Home Residents. Dysphagia 17:298–307

  3. Cichero J (2019). The Critical Role of Thickeners in the Therapeutic Medical Management of People with Dysphagia. Regulatory Focus, Regulatory Affairs Professionals Society. https://www.raps.org/News-and-Articles/News-Articles/2019/6/The-Critical-Role-of-Thickeners-in-the-Therapeutic#citation

  4. Chu YI and Zhao JC (2025). Effectiveness of Diet Modification on Dietary Nutrient Intake for Adults with Dysphagia: a Meta-analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging 29(4)

  5. Masuda H, Ueha R, Sato T, Goto T, Koyama, M, Yamauchi, A, Kaneoka A, Suzuki S. and Yamasoba T (2022). Risk Factors for Aspiration Pneumonia After Receiving Liquid-Thickening Recommendations. Otolaryngology-head and neck surgery, 167(1), pp 125-132

  6. Werden Abrams SW, Gandhi P and Namasivayam-MacDonald A (2023) The Adverse Effects and Events of Thickened Liquid Use in Adults: A Systematic Review. Am J Speech Lang Pathol. Sep 11;32(5):2331-2350

  7. Robbins J, Gensler G, Dikeman K, Kazandjian M, Gramigna GD, McGarvey-Toler S, Miller Gardner PJ, Hind J, Logemann JA, Lindblad AS, Brandt D, Baum H, Lilienfeld D, Kosek S and Lundy D (2008). Comparison of 2 Interventions for Liquid Aspiration on Pneumonia Incidence: A Randomized Trial. Annals of internal medicine, 148(7), pp 509-518

  8. Steele C (Feb 2024). Evidence regarding the efficacy of thickened liquids and an algorithm for appropriate use. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DtT8z1hqxI4

  9. Shim JS, Oh BM and Han TR (2013). Factors associated with compliance with viscosity-modified diet among dysphagic patients. Annals of rehabilitation medicine, 37(5), pp 628-632

  10. Simon SR, Florie M, Pilz W, Winkens B, Winter N, Kremer B and Baijens LWJ (2020). Association Between Pharyngeal Pooling and Aspiration Using Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing in Head and Neck Cancer Patients with Dysphagia. Dysphagia; Dysphagia, 35(1), pp 42-51

  11. Murray A, Mulkerrin S and O'Keeffe ST (2019). The perils of 'risk feeding'. Age and Ageing, 48(4), pp 478-481

  12. Health and care professions council (HCPC), (2023). Standards of proficiency: Speech and Language Therapists. Publication code: 20230901POLPUB SLSoP. https://www.hcpc-uk.org/standards/standards-of-proficiency/speech-and-language-therapists/ 

FROM THE WILTSHIRE FARM FOODS DIETITIANS: THE BENEFITS OF READY MEALS by Rachel Sipaul

  1. Mia Ahlgren, Inga-Britt Gustafsson, Gunnar Hall. Attitudes and beliefs directed towards ready-meal consumption. 09 December 2004. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-5740.2004.00102.x

  2. Remnant J, Adams J. The nutritional content and cost of supermarket ready‑meals: Cross‑sectional analysis. Appetite. 2015;92:36-42. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.04.069

  3. Fleury S, Tronchon P, Rota J, Meunier C, Mardiros O, Van Wymelbeke-Delannoy V and Sulmont-Rossé C (2021). The Nutritional Issue of Older People Receiving Home-Delivered Meals: A Systematic Review. Front. Nutr. 8:629580. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.629580
     

THE PROBIOTIC PROMISE: SCIENCE OR HYPE? by Sandeepa Soni RD

  1. Da Silva et al (2024). Unlocking the potential of Probiotics: A comprehensive review of research, production and regulation of probiotics.  Probiotics and Antimicrobial protein. 16: 1687-1723

  2. World Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines (2023). WGO Practice Guideline: Probiotics and Prebiotics

  3. Advertising Standards Agency (ASA): https://www.asa.org.uk/advice-online/food-probiotic-claims.html

  4. Chamber et al (2019). Nutrition Bulletin. Translating probiotic science into practice. 44 (pp165-173)

  5. Vijaykumar et al (2022). That gut feeling: public perceptions of media coverage and science surrounding probiotics products. British Food Journal 124 (11) pp 3428m- 3446

  6. AEProbio (Jan 2025). Guide to Probiotic products available in the United Kingdom. Applications, dosage, forms and evidence. 1st Edition. https://probioticguide.uk/?utm_source=intro_pg&utm_medium=civ&utm_campaign=UK_CHART

  7. Sanders et al (2013). Gut. An update on the use and investigation of probiotics in health and disease. 62(5) 787-796

  8. Tort et al (2019). Can probiotics prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhoea in children? Cochrane review

  9. British Dietetic Association (BDA). https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/probiotics.html

  10. Collinson et al (2020). Probiotics for treating acute infectious diarrhoea. Cochrane Review

  11. Vascant et al (2021). Gut.  British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. 70 1214-1240

  12. Limketkai et al (2020). Cochrane Review. Wiley. Probiotics for the induction of remission in Crohn’s disease. (Review)

Bischoff et al (2023). Clinical Nutrition. ESPEN guideline on clinical Nutrition in Inflammatory bowel Disease

HEN/HEF AND DIABETES by Alka Pandey, RD

  1. Reynolds A and Mitri J (2024). Nutritional Recommendations for Individuals with Diabetes. [online] Nih.gov. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279012/

  2. Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Type 1 Diabetes. (2016). Diabetes, [online] 65(5), pp 1370-1379

  3. Peters AL, Davidson MB and Isaac RM (1989). Lack of glucose elevation after simulated tube feeding with a low-carbohydrate, high-fat enteral formula in patients with type 1 diabetes. The American Journal of Medicine, 87(2), pp 178-182

  4. Peters AL and Davidson MB (1992). Effects of Various Enteral Feeding Products on Postprandial Blood Glucose Response in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 16(1), pp 69-74

  5. Carmen Crespillo M, Olveira G, de Adana MSR, Rojo-Martínez G, García-Alemán J, Olvera P et al. Metabolic effects of an enteral nutrition formula for diabetes: comparison with standard formulas in patients with type 1 diabetes. Clinical Nutrition. 2003 Oct;22(5):4837

 TOP TIPS TO HELP YOU THRIVE IN PRIVATE PRACTICE by Aliya Porter RNutr

  1. ONS (2024) UK business; activity, size and location: 2024. Released September 2024. Accessed on 17th June 2025 at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/businessindustryandtrade/business/activitysizeandlocation/bulletins/ukbusinessactivitysizeandlocation/2024

  2. Indeed (2025) 88 Motivational Quotes on Growth in Business To Inspire You. Updated 6th June 2025. Accessed on 17th June 2025 at: https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/quotes-on-growth-in-business

  3. BNI (2025) Business Network International. Accessed 18th June 2025 at: https://www.bni.com/

  4. British Chamber of Commerce (2025) About the BCC. Accessed 18th June 2025 https://www.britishchambers.org.uk/about-us/

  5. SENSE (2025) SENSE is the original network of professional nutrition consultants who work on a self employed basis. Accessed 18th June 2025 at: https://www.sense-nutrition.org.uk/

  6. Emily Clark (2024) Powerful quotes to put your work-life balance in perspective. Updated 3 September 2024. Accessed on 17th June 2025 at: https://startups.co.uk/people/management/work-life-balance-quotes/

NUTRITION AND HEALTH CLAIMS: EVIDENCE, REGULATION AND PRACTICE by Hayley Bell

  1. Department of Health and Social Care. Nutrition and health claims: guidance to compliance with Regulation (EC) 1924/2006. GOV.UK. Updated 10 November 2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/nutrition-and-health-claims-guidance-to-compliance-with-regulation-ec-1924-2006-on-nutrition-and-health-claims-made-on-foods

  2. O’Sullivan K. Post-Brexit: EFSA Health and Nutrition Claims – What Next? HRS Communications. 2022 Aug 11. Available from: https://www.hrscommunications.com/industry-insights/post-brexit-efsa-health-and-nutrition-claims-what-next/

  3. The Nutrition and Health Claims (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2024. Statutory Instrument No. 165. Available from: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2024/165/made

  4. Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. Official Journal of the European Union. 2006;L 404:9–25. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2006/1924/oj

  5. Department of Health and Social Care. Great Britain nutrition and health claims (NHC) register. GOV.UK. Updated 27 February 2025. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/great-britain-nutrition-and-health-claims-nhc-register

  6. Department of Health and Social Care. ‘On hold’ health claims on foods. GOV.UK. Updated 12 January 2021. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/on-hold-health-claims-on-foods

  7. Mills & Reeve. Botanical health claims: What the latest EU judgment means and how to navigate ‘on hold’ claims in the UK. Mills & Reeve Blog. 2025 May 27. Available from: https://www.mills-reeve.com/blogs/food-and-agribusiness/may-2025/botanical-health-claims-what-the-latest-eu-judgment-means-and-how-to-navigate-on-hold-claims-in-the-uk

  8. Dongo D. EU Court ruling on botanicals highlights urgent need for NHCR reform. FoodTimes. 2025 May 1. Available from: https://www.foodtimes.eu/consumers-and-health/eu-botanicals-health-claims-nhcr-reform-cjeu

  9. Hieke S, Kuljanic N, Pravst I, Miklavec K, Kaur A, Brown KA, et al. Prevalence of nutrition and health-related claims on pre-packaged foods: a five-country study in Europe. Nutrients. 2016;8(3):137. Available from: https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/137

  10. Kaur A, Scarborough P, Matthews A, Payne S, Mizdrak A, Rayner M. How many foods in the UK carry health and nutrition claims, and are they healthier than those that do not? Public Health Nutr. 2016;19(Suppl 6):988–997. Available from: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/public-health-nutrition/article/how-many-foods-in-the-uk-carry-health-and-nutrition-claims-and-are-they-healthier-than-those-that-do-not/8F49B48ED7E907EEF9ADA7EADBC058C1

  11. Kaur A, McMahon AT, Mhurchu CN. Prevalence and compliance of nutrition and health claims on online food products in Great Britain. Appetite. 2024;197:107097. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2024.107097

  12. Department of Health and Social Care. UK Nutrition and Health Claims Committee (UKNHCC). GOV.UK. Updated 14 March 2025. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/groups/uk-nutrition-and-health-claims-committee

  13. European Commission. Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1507 of 15 July 2024 authorising a health claim made on foods and amending Regulation (EU) No 432/2012. Official Journal of the European Union. 2024 Jul 15;L 1507:1–3. Available from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32024R1507

  14. EFSA Panel on Nutrition, Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA). Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of a health claim related to green kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. Hayward) and maintenance of normal defecation pursuant to Article 13(5) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal. 2021;19(6):6641. Available from: https://doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6641

THE LAST WORD: THE RICE DEBATE by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Roman B and Russell S (2009). Southeast Asian Food and Culture. Availaiable at : https://www.niu.edu/clas/cseas/_pdf/lesson-plans/k-12/southeast-asian-food-culture.pdf

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