References October 25 issue 203

MYTH BUSTING WITH MADI - SEED OILS

  1. Simopoulos AP (2016). An Increase in the Omega-6/Omega-3 Fatty Acid Ratio Increases the Risk for Obesity. Nutrients. 8(3):128. doi: 10.3390/nu8030128

  2. Simopoulos AP (2006). Evolutionary aspects of diet, the omega-6/omega-3 ratio and genetic variation: nutritional implications for chronic diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 60(9):502-7. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2006.07.080

  3. Liu X et al. (2018). Changes in Types of Dietary Fats Influence Long-term Weight Change in US Women and Men. J Nutr. 148(11):1821-1829. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxy183

  4. Rett BS & Whelan J (2011). Increasing dietary linoleic acid does not increase tissue arachidonic acid content in adults consuming western-type diets: A systematic review. Nutr Metab. 8(1):36. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-8-36

  5. Mazidi M et al. (2021). Omega-6 fatty acids and the risk of cardiovascular disease: insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and a Mendelian randomization study. Arch Med Sci. 18(2):466-479. doi: 10.5114/aoms/136070

  6. Johnson GH & Fritsche K (2012). Effect of dietary linoleic acid on markers of inflammation in healthy persons: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Acad Nutr Diet. 112(7):1029-41, 1041.e1-15. doi: 10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.029

  7. Zong G et al. (2019). Associations Between Linoleic Acid Intake and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among U.S. Men and Women. Diabetes Care. 42(8):1406-1413. doi: 10.2337/dc19-0412

  8. Marklund M et al.; Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Fatty Acids and Outcomes Research Consortium (FORCE) (2019). Biomarkers of Dietary Omega-6 Fatty Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease and Mortality. Circulation. 139(21):2422-2436. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038908

  9. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services (2025). Toxicological profile for n-hexane. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Available at: https://wwwn.cdc.gov/TSP/ToxProfiles/ToxProfiles.aspx?id=393&tid=68

COVER STORY: LONGEVITY AND THE ‘BLUE ZONE’ CONCEPT by Farihah Choudhury, ANutr

  1. World Health Organisation (2020). Healthy ageing and functional ability. Webpage. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/healthy-ageing-and-functional-ability (Accessed 11th August 2025)

  2. Poulain M, Pes GM, Grasland C, Carru C, Ferrucci L, Baggio G, Deiana L (2004). Identification of a geographic area characterised by extreme longevity in the Sardinian island: The AKEA study. Experimental Gerontology 39, 1423-1429. doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2004.06.016

  3. Deiana L, Ferrucci L, Pes GM, Carru C, Delitala G, Ganau A, Mariotti S, Nieddu A, Pettinato S, Putzu P, Franceschi C, Baggio G. AKEntAnnos. The Sardinia Study of Extreme Longevity. Ageing (Milano). 1999 Jun;11(3):142-9. PMID: 10476308

  4. Candal-Pedreira C, Rey-Brandariz J, Martín-Gisbert L, Teijeiro A, García G, Ruano-Ravina A, Pérez-Ríos M. Blue Zones, an Analysis of Existing Evidence through a Scoping Review. Ageing Dis. 2025 Jun 4. doi: 10.14336/AD.2025.0461. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40479568

  5. Poulain M, Pes GM (2009). Report on the Validation of the Exceptional Longevity in Ikaria. Unpublished Internal Report. National Geographic

  6. Legrand R, Manckoundia P, Nuemi G, Poulain M. Assessment of the Health Status of the Oldest Olds Living on the Greek Island of Ikaria: A Population Based-Study in a Blue Zone. Current Gerontology and Geriatrics Research. 2019, 8194310, 8 pages, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/8194310

  7. Chrysohoou C, Tsitsinakis G, Siassos G, Psaltopoulou T, Galiatsatos N, Metaxa V, Lazaros G, Miliou A, Giakoumi E, Mylonakis C, Zaromytidou M, Economou E, Triantafyllou G, Pitsavos C, and Stefanadis C. Fish consumption moderates depressive symptomatology in elderly men and women from the IKARIA study. Cardiology Research and Practice. (2010) 2011, https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/219578, 2-s2.0-79959479515, 219578

  8. Legrand R, Nuemi G, Poulain M, Manckoundia P (2021). Description of Lifestyle, Including Social Life, Diet and Physical Activity, of People ≥90 years Living in Ikaria, a Longevity Blue Zone. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(12), 6602. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126602

  9. Chrysohoou C, Pitsavos C, Lazaros G, Skoumas J, Tousoulis D, Stefanadis C. Ikaria Study Investigators. Determinants of All-Cause Mortality and Incidence of Cardiovascular Disease (2009 to 2013) in Older Adults: The Ikaria Study of the Blue Zones. Angiology. 2016 Jul;67(6):541-8. doi: 10.1177/0003319715603185. Epub 2015 Aug 30. PMID: 26324204

  10. Nasrine Bendjilali, Wen-Chi Hsueh, Qimei He, D. Craig Willcox, Caroline M Nievergelt, Timothy A Donlon, Pui-Yan Kwok, Makoto Suzuki, Bradley J. Willcox, Who Are the Okinawans? Ancestry, Genome Diversity, and Implications for the Genetic Study of Human Longevity From a Geographically Isolated Population. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Vol 69, Issue 12, Dec 2014, Pages 1474-1484, https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glt203

  11. Willcox DC, Scapagnini G, Willcox BJ (2014). Healthy ageing diets other than the Mediterranean: A Focus on the Okinawan Diet. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 136-137:148-62. doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2014.01.002

  12. The Japanese Mortality Database. National Institute of Population and Social Security Research. 30 March 2025. Accessed August 2025

  13. Drewnowski A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition: new trends in the global diet. Nutr Rev. 1997 Feb;55(2):31-43. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb01593.x. PMID: 9155216

  14. Nieddu A, Vindas L, Errigo A, Vindas J, Pes GM, Dore MP (2020). Dietary Habits, Anthropometric Features and Daily Performance in Two Independent Long-Lived Populations from Nicoya peninsula (Costa Rica) and Ogliastra (Sardinia). Nutrients, 12(6), 1621. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061621

  15. Momi-Chacón A, Capitán-Jiménez C, Campos H (2017). Dietary habits and lifestyle among long-lived residents from the Nicoya Peninsula of Costa Rica. Revista Hispanoamericana De Ciencias De La Salud, 3(2), 53-60. https://uhsalud.com/index.php/revhispano/article/view/256/162

  16. Castro-Rojas MD (2019). Listening older adults stories: subjective factors related to longevity and wellbeing in Nicoya (Blue Zone) Costa Rica. Poster presented at the British Society of Gerontology 48th Annual Conference – Resilience and Living Well in Local Communities

FOOD FOR THOUGHT: ARE WE SEEING A RESURGENCE OF SIZE '0' by Priya Tew

  1. Advertising Standards Authority (ASA). Rulings on Next PLC and Zara UK. August 2025

  2. Vogue Business. Diversity Report: Fall 2024 season. 2024

  3. Grabe S, Ward LM, Hyde JS. The role of the media in body image concerns among women: a meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin. 2008;134(3):460-476

  4. Ferguson CJ. In the eye of the beholder: Thin-ideal media affects some, but not most, viewers in a meta-analytic review of body dissatisfaction in women and men. Psychology of Popular Media Culture. 2013;2(1):20-37 

BLENDED DIET: THE CURRENT DISCUSSION by Karen Voas-Wootton, RD

  1. Nestle Health sciences (2025) Accessed at: https://www.nestle.co.uk/en-gb/stories/understanding-patients-tube-feeding

  2. Doyle C, Louw J, Shovlin A, Dowd L, Kavanagh M (2022). Blended feeding in gastrostomy-fed children: A scoping review. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cch.13222#:~:text=parental%20involvement&text=Using%20'normal'%20foods%20means%20carers,et%20al.%2C%202020

  3. Pentiuk S, O’Flaherty T, Santoro K (2011). Pureed by gastrostomy tube diet improves gagging and retching in children with fundoplication. Journal Parenteral and Enteral nutrition.

  4. McCormack S, Patel K & Smith C (2023). Blended diet for enteral tube feeding in young people: A systematic review of the benefits and complications.  Journal of Human Nutrition & Dietetics. 2023; 1-16

  5. BDA position statement – (2019) The use of blended diet with enteral feeding tubes blended diet toolkit. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource-report/the-use-of-blended-diet-with-enteral-feeding-tubes.html

  6. Cantwell L, Ellahi B (2016) The use and experience of registered dietitians with blended diets given via a gastrostomy tube in the UK. ESPEN. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321434130_The_use_and_experience_of_registered_dietitians_with_blended_diets_given_via_a_gastrostomy_in_the_UK

  7. BDA Practice Toolkit The Use of Blended Diet with Enteral Feeding Tubes. https://www.bda.uk.com/static/33331d33-21d4-47a5-bbb79142980766a7/FINAL-Practice-Toolkit-The-Use-of-Blended-Diet-with-Enteral-Feeding-Tubes-NOV-2021.pdf

IT’S TIME TO RETHINK HOW WE APPROACH DIABETES by Mike Sweeney, RD

  1. Diabetes profile: statistical commentary, March 2025. GOV.UK https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/diabetes-profile-update-march-2025/diabetes-profile-statistical-commentary-march-2025.

  2. NHS Business Services Authority. Prescribing for diabetes – England – 2015/16 to 2023/24. https://www.nhsbsa.nhs.uk/statistical-collections/prescribing-diabetes-england/prescribing-diabetes-england-201516-202324 (2024)

  3. The Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology. Diabetes-related complications: a toll too high. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 12, 601 (2024).

  4. NHS Digital. National Diabetes Audit 2021-22, Report 1: Care Processes and Treatment Targets, Detailed Analysis Report. https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-diabetes-audit/report-1-care-processes-and-treatment-targets-2021-22-full-report/health-ineq-1718-2122 (2023).

  5. Boye KS, Thieu VT, Lage MJ, Miller H and Paczkowski R. The association between sustained HbA1c control and long-term complications among individuals with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective study. Adv Ther. 39, 2208-2221 (2022).

  6. Skyler JS. Diabetic complications. The importance of glucose control. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 25, 243-254 (1996).

  7. Zeng R et al. Relationship of glycated haemoglobin A1c with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality among patients with hypertension. J Clin Med. 12, 2615 (2023).

  8. Butalia S et al. Association between haemoglobin A1c and development of cardiovascular disease in Canadian men and women without diabetes at baseline: A population-based study of 608 474 adults. J Am Heart Assoc. 13, e031095 (2024).

  9. Gummesson A, Nyman E, Knutsson M & Karpefors M. Effect of weight reduction on glycated haemoglobin in weight loss trials in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 19, 1295-1305 (2017).

  10. Taylor R et al. Aetiology of Type 2 diabetes in people with a ‘normal’ body mass index: testing the personal fat threshold hypothesis. Clin Sci (Lond.) 137, 1333-1346 (2023).

  11. Garr Barry V et al. Greater loss of central adiposity from low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet in middle-aged adults with overweight and obesity. Nutrients 13, 475 (2021).

  12. Paoli A, Bianco A, Moro T, Mota JF & Coelho-Ravagnani, CF. The effects of ketogenic diet on insulin sensitivity and weight loss, which came first: The chicken or the egg? Nutrients 15, (2023).

  13. Luukkonen PK et al. Effect of a ketogenic diet on hepatic steatosis and hepatic mitochondrial metabolism in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 117, 7347-7354 (2020).

  14. Haimoto H et al. Three-graded stratification of carbohydrate restriction by level of baseline haemoglobin A1c for type 2 diabetes patients with a moderate low-carbohydrate diet. Nutr Metab (Lond.) 11, 33 (2014).

  15. Jayedi A et al. Dose-dependent effect of carbohydrate restriction for type 2 diabetes management: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin. Nutr. 116, 40–56 (2022).

  16. Hansen CD et al. Effect of calorie-unrestricted low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet versus high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease : A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 176, 10–21 (2023).

  17. Unwin D, Haslam D & Livesey G. It is the glycaemic response to, not the carbohydrate content of food that matters in diabetes and obesity: The glycaemic index revisited. Journal of Metabolic Health 1, 9 (2016).

  18. Unwin D, Delon C, Unwin J, Tobin S & Taylor R. What predicts drug-free type 2 diabetes remission? Insights from an 8-year general practice service evaluation of a lower carbohydrate diet with weight loss. BMJ Nutr. Prev Health 6, 46-55 (2023). 

THE LOW-FODMAP DIET FOR FUNCTIONAL GUT SYMPTOMS by Clara Carr, RD

  1. Gibson P, Shepherd SJ (2010). Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach. Gastroenterol Hepatol. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20136989/

  2. McKenzie et al (2016). British Dietetic Association systematic review and evidence-based practice guidelines for the dietary management of irritable bowel syndrome in adults (2016 update). J Hum Nutr Diet. 29. 549-575

  3. NICE guidance IBS (2008). Recommendations | Irritable bowel syndrome in adults: diagnosis and management | Guidance | NICE

  4. Gibson P et al (2016). Aliment Pharmacol Ther

  5. Gibson P et al (2022). The American Journal of Gastroenterology 117

THE TRUTH ABOUT WEIGHT LOSS MEDICATIONS: COMMON MYTHS DEBUNKED by Kate Hadley, RD

  1. Wilding JPH, Batterham RL and Calanna S (2021). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. The New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 384(11), p 989-1002. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183

  2. Jastreboff AM, Aronne LJ, Ahmad NN, Wharton S, Connery L, Alves B, Kiyosue A, Zhang S, Liu B, Bunck MC and Stefanski A (2022). Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 387(3). doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206038

  3. Lean MEJ and Malkova D (2015). Altered gut and adipose tissue hormones in overweight and obese individuals: cause or consequence? International Journal of Obesity, 40(4), p622-632. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.220

  4. Popoviciu MS, Păduraru L, Yahya G, Yahya G and Cavalu S (2023). Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), p10449-10449. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310449

  5. Fornes A, Huff J, Pritchard RI and Godfrey M (2022). Once-Weekly Semaglutide for Weight Management: A Clinical Review. Journal of Pharmacy Technology, 38(4), p.875512252210926. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/87551225221092681

  6. Cava E, Yeat NC and Mittendorfer B (2017). Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal, [online] 8(3), p511-519. doi:https://doi.org/10.3945/an.116.014506

  7. Heymsfield SB and Wadden TA (2017). Mechanisms, Pathophysiology and Management of Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 376(3), p254-266. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1514009

  8. Almandoz JP, Wadden TA, Tewksbury C, Apovian CM, Fitch A, Ard JD, Li Z, Richards J, Butsch WS, Jouravskaya I, Vanderman KS and Neff LM (2024). Nutritional Considerations with Antiobesity Medications. Obesity, 32(9). doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24067

  9. Mozaffarian D, Agarwal M, Aggarwal M, Alexander L, Apovian CM, Bindlish S, Bonnet J, Butsch WS, Christensen S, Gianos E, Gulati M, Gupta A, Horn D, Kane RM, Saluja J, Sannidhi D, Stanford FC and Callahan EA (2025). Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and the Obesity Society. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. [online] doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.023

  10. Despain D and Hoffman B (2024). Optimising Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Communication in GLP-1 Medication Therapy for Weight Management: A Qualitative Research Study with Registered Dietitians. Obesity Pillars, 12, p.100143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obpill.2024.100143

  11. Government office for science (2007). Tackling Obesities: Future Choices – Project Report 2nd Edition Government Office for Science FORESIGHT. [online] Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a759da7e5274a4368298a4f/07-1184x-tackling-obesities-future-choices-report.pdf.

  12. Phelan SM, Burgess DJ, Yeazel MW, Hellerstedt WL, Griffin JM, van Ryn M. Impact of weight bias and stigma on quality of care and outcomes for patients with obesity. Obesity Reviews. 2015;16(4):319-26

  13. BDA (2024). British Dietetic Association. [online] uk.com. Available at: https://www.bda.uk.com/news-campaigns/campaigns/campaign-topics/managing-and-preventing-obesity/eliminating-weight-stigma-comms-guidelines.html

  14. World Health Organisation (2025). Obesity and Overweight. [online] World Health Organisation. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight

  15. Deanfield J, Verma S, Scirica BM, Kahn SE, Emerson SS, Ryan D, Ildiko Lingvay, Colhoun HM, Plutzky J, Kosiborod MN, G Kees Hovingh, Søren Hardt-Lindberg, Frenkel O, Weeke PE, Rasmussen S, Assen Goudev Lang CC, Urina-Triana M, Mikko Pietilä and A Michael Lincoff (2024). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: a prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. The Lancet, 404(10454), p773786. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01498-3

  16. Malhotra A, Grunstein RR, Fietze I, Weaver TE, Redline S, Azarbarzin A, Sands SA, Schwab RJ, Dunn JP, Chakladar S, Bunck MC and Bednarik J (2024). Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, [online] 391(13). doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2404881

  17. Bliddal H, Bays H, Czernichow S, Uddén Hemmingsson J, Hjelmesæth J, Hoffmann Morville T, Koroleva A, Skov Neergaard J, Vélez Sánchez P, Wharton S, Wizert A and Kristensen LE (2024). Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Persons with Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 391(17), p1573-1583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2403664

  18. Wadden TA, Chao AM, Machineni S, Kushner R, Ard J, Srivastava G, Halpern B, Zhang S, Chen J, Bunck MC, Ahmad NN and Forrester T (2023). Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: The SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial. Nature Medicine, [online] 29(29), p1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02597-w

  19. Posadzki P, Pieper D, Bajpai R, Makaruk H, Könsgen N, Neuhaus AL and Semwal M (2020). Exercise/physical Activity and Health outcomes: an Overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews. BMC Public Health, 20(1). doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09855-3

  20. Lundgren JR, Janus C, Jensen SBK, Juhl CR, Olsen LM, Christensen RM, Svane MS, Bandholm T, Bojsen-Møller KN, Blond MB, Jensen J-E.B, Stallknecht BM, Holst JJ, Madsbad S and Torekov SS (2021). Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined. New England Journal of Medicine, 384(18), p1719-1730. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2028198

  21. Catenacci VA and Wyatt HR (2007). The role of physical activity in producing and maintaining weight loss. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology & Metabolism, [online] 3(7), p518-529. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncpendmet0554

  22. Filippatos TD, Panagiotopoulou TV and Elisaf MS (2015). Adverse Effects of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists. The Review of Diabetic Studies, [online] 11(3-4), p202-230. doi:https://doi.org/10.1900/rds.2014.11.202

  23. Wharton S, Davies M, Dicker D, Lingvay I, Mosenzon O, Rubino DM and Pedersen SD (2021). Managing the gastrointestinal side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists in obesity: recommendations for clinical practice. Postgraduate Medicine, 134(1), p14-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00325481.2021.2002616

  24. Gorgojo-Martínez JJ, Mezquita-Raya P, Carretero-Gómez J, Castro A, Cebrián-Cuenca A, de Torres-Sánchez A, García-de-Lucas MD, Núñez J, Obaya JC, Soler MJ, Górriz JL and Rubio-Herrera MÁ (2023). Clinical Recommendations to Manage Gastrointestinal Adverse Events in Patients Treated with GlP-1 Receptor Agonists: A Multidisciplinary Expert Consensus. Journal of Clinical Medicine, [online] 12(1), p.145. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12010145

  25. Sodhi M, Rezaeianzadeh R, Kezouh A and Etminan M (2023). Risk of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Associated with Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss. JAMA, [online] 330(18). doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2023.19574

  26. Shetty R, Basheer FT, Poojari PG, Thunga G, Chandran VP and Acharya LD (2022). Adverse drug reactions of GLP-1 agonists: A systematic review of case reports. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews, 16(3), p.102427. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102427

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  28. Bloemendaal L van, IJzerman RG, Kulve JS, Barkhof F, Konrad RJ, Drent ML, Veltman DJ and Diamant M (2014). GLP-1 Receptor Activation Modulates Appetite- and Reward-Related Brain Areas in Humans. Diabetes, [online] 63(12), p4186-4196. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/db14-0849

  29. Van Bloemendaal L, Veltman DJ, Kulve JS, Groot PFC, Ruhé HG, Barkhof F, Sloan JH, Diamant M and Ijzerman RG (2015). Brain reward-system activation in response to anticipation and consumption of palatable food is altered by glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor activation in humans. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 17(9), p878-886. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.12506

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ENTERAL NUTRITION AND FEEDING INTOLERANCE IN CRITICAL CARE by Maria Margarida Beja, RD

  1. McClave SA, Martindale RG, Vanek VW, McCarthy M, Roberts P, Taylor B, et al. Guidelines for the provision and assessment of nutrition support therapy in the adult Critically Ill patient: Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition [Internet]. 2009 Apr 27;33(3):277–316. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19398613/

  2. Jenkins B, Calder PC, Marino LV. A systematic review of the definitions and prevalence of feeding intolerance in critically ill adults. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN [Internet]. 2022 Apr 20;49:92–102. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.04.014

  3. Blaser AR, Preiser JC, Fruhwald S, Wilmer A, Wernerman J, Benstoem C, et al. Gastrointestinal dysfunction in the critically ill: a systematic scoping review and research agenda proposed by the Section of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Nutrition of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Critical Care [Internet]. 2020 May 15;24(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-02889-4

  4. Singer P, Reintam Blaser A, Berger MM, Calder PC, Casaer M, Hiesmayr M, et al. ESPEN practical and partially revised guideline: Clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit [Internet]. Vol. 42, Clinical Nutrition. 2023 Jul p. 1671–89. Available from: https://www.espen.org/files/ESPEN-Guidelines/ESPEN_practical_and_partially_revised_guideline_Clinical_nutrition_in_the_intensive_care_unit.pdf

  5. Blaser AR, Deane AM, Preiser J, Arabi YM, Jakob SM. Enteral Feeding Intolerance: Updates in Definitions and Pathophysiology. Nutrition in Clinical Practice [Internet]. 2020 Nov 26;36(1):40–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33242218/

  6. Blaser AR, Malbrain MLNG, Starkopf J, Fruhwald S, Jakob SM, De Waele J, et al. Gastrointestinal function in intensive care patients: terminology, definitions and management. Recommendations of the ESICM Working Group on Abdominal Problems. Intensive Care Medicine [Internet]. 2012 Feb 6;38(3):384–94. Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3286505/

  7. Ladopoulos T. Gastrointestinal dysmotility in critically ill patients. Annals of Gastroenterology [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1; Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5924849/

  8. Jenkins B, Calder PC, Marino LV. Gastric residual volume monitoring practices in UK intensive care units: A web-based survey. Journal of the Intensive Care Society [Internet]. 2023 Nov 20;25(2):156–63. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38737302/

  9. Bachmann KF, Jenkins B, Asrani V, Bear DE, Bolondi G, Boraso S, et al. Core outcome set of daily monitoring of gastrointestinal function in adult critically ill patients: a modified Delphi consensus process (COSMOGI). Critical Care [Internet]. 2024 Dec 18;28(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-024-05192-8

  10. Bishop S, Young H, Goldsmith D, Buldock D, Chin M, Bellomo R. Bowel motions in critically ill patients: a pilot observational study. Critical Care and Resuscitation [Internet]. 2010 Sep 1;12(3):182–5. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/s1441-2772(23)01502-8

  11. Jenkins B, Calder PC, Marino LV. A scoping review considering potential biomarkers or functional measures of gastrointestinal dysfunction and enteral feeding intolerance in critically ill adults. Clinical Nutrition ESPEN [Internet]. 2022 Sep 19;52:331–9. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36513473/

  12. Hall C, Page S, Kelly N, Kardaris K, Hanna L. Factors influencing the implementation and adherence to volume-based enteral feeding protocols in the critical care setting: A scoping review. Australian Critical Care [Internet]. 2025 Mar 27;38(3):101209. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aucc.2025.101209

  13. Pouwels S, Van Nieuwkoop MM, Ramnarain D. Enteral Nutrition Interruptions in the Intensive Care Unit: A Systematic review of frequency, causes, and nutritional implications. Cureus [Internet]. 2025 Apr 7; Available from: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.81834

  14. Reis AMD, Fruchtenicht AV, Loss SH, Moreira LF. Use of dietary fibers in enteral nutrition of critically ill patients: a systematic review. Revista Brasileira De Terapia Intensiva [Internet]. 2018 Jan 1;30(3). Available from: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6180475/

  15. Bharal M, Morgan S, Husain T, Hilari K, Morawiec C, Harrison K, et al. Volume based feeding versus rate based feeding in the critically ill: A UK study. Journal of the Intensive Care Society [Internet]. 2019 May 9;20(4):299–308. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31695734/

  16. McClave SA, Saad MA, Esterle M, Anderson M, Jotautas AE, Franklin GA, et al. Volume‐Based feeding in the critically ill patient. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition [Internet]. 2014 Jun 18;39(6):707–12. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24941950/

  17. Van Zanten ARH, De Waele E, Wischmeyer PE. Nutrition therapy and critical illness: practical guidance for the ICU, post-ICU, and long-term convalescence phases. Critical Care [Internet]. 2019 Nov 21;23(1). Available from: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-019-2657-5

  18. Berger MM, Hurni CA. Management of gastrointestinal failure in the adult critical care setting. Current Opinion in Critical Care [Internet]. 2022 Feb 7;28(2):190–7. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1097/mcc.0000000000000924

IMD WATCH - AN UPDATE FROM BSNA: THE CHANGING DEVELOPMENT OF PROTEIN SUBSTITUTES FOR PKU

  1. Van Wegberg AMJ, MacDonald A, Ahring K et al (2025). European guidelines on diagnosis and treatment of phenylketonuria: First revision. Mol Genet Metab 109125

  2. Hambleton K and Coode R (2022). Foods for Special Medical Purposes (FSMP) in the Dietary Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEM) – The role of the clinical and industry dietitians. Clinical Nutrition 22(6): 78-81

  3. MacDonald A et al (2020). PKU dietary handbook to accompany PKU guidelines. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases 15(1): 1-21

  4. MacDonald A et al (2012). Adherence issues in inherited metabolic disorders treated by low-natural-protein diets. Annals of nutrition & metabolism 61(4): 289-295

  5. ten Hoedt AE et al (2011). High phenylalanine levels directly affect mood and sustained attention in adults with phenylketonuria: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 34(1):165-171

  6. Daly A et al (2017). Glycomacropeptide in children with phenylketonuria: does its phenylalanine content affect blood phenylalanine control? J Hum Nutr Diet 30(4): 515-523

  7. MacLeod EL et al (2010). Breakfast with glycomacropeptide compared with amino acids suppresses plasma ghrelin levels in individuals with phenylketonuria. Mol Genet Metab 100(4): 303-308

  8. MacDonald A et al (2004). Protein substitutes for PKU – what’s new? Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 27: 363-371

  9. Hoeks MP, M den Heijer and MC Janssen (2009). Adult issues in phenylketonuria. Neth J Med 67(1): 2-7

  10. MacDonald A et al (2010). The reality of dietary compliance in the management of phenylketonuria. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 33(6): 665-670

  11. Wilson R (2021). Insight into PKU sphere – a GMP-based protein substitute. Complete Nutrition. 21: 31-33

  12. World Health Organisation (2007). Protein and amino acid requirements in human nutrition. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser(935): 1-265, back cover

  13. Ney DM et al (2008). Dietary glycomacropeptide supports growth and reduces the concentrations of phenylalanine in plasma and brain in a murine model of phenylketonuria. The Journal of Nutrition 138(2): 316-322

  14. van Calcar SC et al (2009). Improved nutritional management of phenylketonuria by using a diet containing glycomacropeptide compared with amino acids. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89(4): 1068-1077

  15. Lim K et al (2007). Acceptable low-phenylalanine foods and beverages can be made with glycomacropeptide from cheese whey for individuals with PKU. Molecular genetics and metabolism 92(1): 176-178

  16. Ney DM et al (2009). Nutritional management of PKU with glycomacropeptide from cheese whey. Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease 32(1): 32-39

  17. Proserpio CE et al (2018). Exploring Drivers of Liking of Low-Phenylalanine Products in Subjects with Phenylketonuria using the Check-All-That-Apply method. Nutrients 10(9): 1179

  18. Ney DM et al (2016). Glycomacropeptide for nutritional management of phenylketonuria: a randomised, controlled, crossover trial. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 104(2):334-345

  19. Pinto A, Daly A, Newby C et al (2024). The effects of casein glycomacropeptide on general health status in children with PKU: A randomised crossover trial. Mol Genet Metab 108607

COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY AND BEHAVIOUR CHANGE by Nikki Brierley, RD

  1. The Cross-sectional formulation. https://www.psychologytools.com/resource/cross-sectional-formulation

  2. BABCP. What is CBT? https://babcp.com/what-is-cbt/

  3. BABCP. Check the CBT register. www.cbtregisteruk.com

  4. The Beck Institute. Blog: ‘CBT isn’t only for therapists’ by Sarah Fleming. 16.9.2024. https://beckinstitute.org/blog/cbt-isnt-only-for-therapists/

SPOTLIGHT ON…A PEER SUPPORT GROUP FOR COELIAC PATIENTS by Lucy Simmen, ANutr

  1.  Coeliac UK (2025). About coeliac disease. https://www.coeliac.org.uk/information-and-support/coeliac-disease/about-coeliac-disease/

  2. BDA (2022). Coeliac disease and gluten-free diet. https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/coeliac-disease-and-gluten-free-diet.html

  3. Abu-Janb N & Jaana M (2020). Facilitators and barriers to adherence to gluten-free diet among adults with celiac disease: a systematic review. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics, 33(6), 786-810

  4. NICE (2015). Coeliac disease: recognition, assessment and management. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng20/chapter/Recommendations#monitoring-in-people-with-coeliac-disease

  5. NHS England (2023). Supported self-management: peer support guide. https://www.england.nhs.uk/long-read/peer-support/

  6. Kowalczuk A & Moor F (2025). A Meta-synthesis Exploring Daily Experiences of Adults With Coeliac Disease in Adhering to a Gluten-Free Diet. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 38 (2), e70043

  7. Coeliac UK (2024). New Coeliac UK report sheds light on cost, access and availability of gf food. https://www.coeliac.org.uk/about-us/media-centre/news/new-coeliac-uk-report-sheds-light-on-cost-access-and/

THE LAST WORD: THE RICE DEBATE by Fareeha Jay, RD

  1. Roman B and Russell S (2009). Southeast Asian Food and Culture. Availaiable at : https://www.niu.edu/clas/cseas/_pdf/lesson-plans/k-12/southeast-asian-food-culture.pdf

  2. Hu XF, Zhang R, Chan HM. Identification of Chinese dietary patterns and their relationships with health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2024 Oct 14;27(1):e209. doi: 10.1017/S1368980024001927. PMID: 39397510; PMCID: PMC11604330

  3. Ho FK, Gray SR, Welsh P et al. Ethnic differences in cardiovascular risk: examining differential exposure and susceptibility to risk factors. BMC Med 20, 149 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02337-w

  4. Jizhao Niu, Bai Li, Qing Zhang, Ge Chen, Angeliki Papadaki. Exploring the traditional Chinese diet and its association with health status – a systematic review. Nutrition Reviews. Vol 83, Issue 2, February 2025, p e237-e256. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuae013

  5. Hu XF, Zhang R, Chan HM. Identification of Chinese dietary patterns and their relationships with health outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2024 Oct 14;27(1):e209. doi: 10.1017/S1368980024001927. PMID: 39397510; PMCID: PMC11604330

  6. Fischbacher CM, Hunt S, Alexander L. How physically active are South Asians in the United Kingdom? A literature review. J Public Health (Oxf). 2004 Sep;26(3):250-8. doi: 10.1093/pubmed/fdh158. PMID: 15454592

  7. Williams ED, Stamatakis E, Chandola T, Hamer M. Assessment of physical activity levels in South Asians in the UK: findings from the Health Survey for England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65(6):517-521

  8. Sun Z, Zheng Y. Metabolic diseases in the East Asian populations. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2025 Apr 8. doi: 10.1038/s41575-025-01058-8. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 40200111

  9. Ma RC, Chan JC. Type 2 diabetes in East Asians: similarities and differences with populations in Europe and the United States. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013 Apr;1281(1):64-91. doi: 10.1111/nyas.12098. PMID: 23551121; PMCID: PMC3708105